IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WIST  ^  .AIN  STRUT 

W    >ft6l«,N,V   »4»i0 

(n*)i7a-4»03 


4f^  s 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadicn  Inttltut*  for  Hlitorloal  Miororaproductiona 


Inttltyt  Canadian  da  miororaproduotiona  hiatorlquaa 


1980 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


Th 
to 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
□ 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagAe 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  pelliculAe 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  giographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Rail*  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  iriterlor  margin/ 

La  reliiire  serrAe  peut  ciiuser  de  ^'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intArleure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  aJoutAes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaiisent  dans  le  texte, 
male,  lorsque  cela  4tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  «t4  filmies. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  e^^emplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  4t4  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique.  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite.  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mithode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquAs  ci-dessous. 


□   Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

I — I   Pages  damaged/ 


D 
D 
D 


D 

D 


Pages  endommagAes 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restauries  et/ou  pelliculAes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  dAcoiories,  tachetAes  ou  piqu6es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  dAtachAes 


r~7j    Showthrough/ 


Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Qualiti  in^gaie  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materii 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplAmentaire 


I      j    Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I    Includes  supplementary  material/ 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  idition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc..  have  been  ref limed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcles  par  un  feuillet  d'errata.  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  At*  filmies  A  nouveau  de  fapon  i 
obtenir  la  meilleure  Image  possible. 


Th 
po 
of 
fill 


Or 
be 
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sic 

OtI 

fir 
sic 
or 


Th 
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TH 
wl 

dif 
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be 
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Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplAmentaires; 


This  copy  Is  a  photo reproduction. 


This  Item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  reduction  IndlquA  oi-dessout. 

10X  14X  ItX  22X 


MX 


30X 


y 


12X 


IfX 


20X 


24X 


2IX 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 


L'exemplaire  film*  fut  reproduit  grAce  k  la 
gAnArositi  de: 


Library 

Indian  and  Northern  Affairs 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Bibliothiqua 

Affaires  indiennes  et  du  Nord 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  AtA  reprodultes  avec  le 
plus  grand  soln,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetA  de  l'exemplaire  filmA.  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
fllmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  p&per  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  covdr  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  Illustrated  Impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  whon  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  Impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  orlglnaux  dont  la  couverture  vn 
papier  est  ImprimAe  sont  fllmts  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impresslon  ou  d'illustratlon,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
orlglnaux  sont  fiimAs  eh  commen9ant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impresslon  ou  d'illustratlon  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernlire  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^> (meaning  'CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  .lymbol  ▼  (meining  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  sulvants  apparattra  sur  la 
dernlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  seion  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — »-  signlfie  "A  8UIVR!:",  le 
symbols  y  signlfie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
fllmis  k  des  taux  de  reduction  diffArents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seui  ciichA,  11  est  fiimA  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supirleur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  drolte, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  un  prenant  le  nombre 
d'Images  nAcessalre.  Les  diagrammes  sulvants 
lllustrant  la  mithode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

8 

6 

.     » 


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MINERS  FOR  ALASKA! 

WC  CAN  FURNISH  YOU  WITH  CVCPIV  NCCCSSAflY 
ARTICLE  FOR  ▼HC  TRIF 

AVERY  &  CO. 

^**°cuTLERY    Hardware 

82  THIRD  STREET,  NEAR  OAK,  PORTLAND,  OREGON 


AQUAPELLEi 


ARE  YOU  GOING  TO  ALASKA? 

II  to,  retncQibcr  we  arc  Hcadqu«rtcra  for  and  Maonfkctarcri  of 

So"  R»  ]  W.Urprpof  M.t.ri.1 

COATS  (  SaltabI*  for  AUtka 

KRNWOOD  8LBBPINO  BAGS.    LRATHBR  COATS,  PANTS  &  VB8T8 

MnvinM  vf>vii«Mi,r  with  okb  or  qr* 

KIjONDIKB  TBNTA  AND  YUKON  PACKINQ  PRAMB. 

CorTMpondtiict  MnlMtMl.   iMd  Air  CaUlofuc. 

WILLAMEHE  TENT  AND  AWNING  CO. 

14  *  %6  NMth  Front  St.,  PORTLAND,  ORB. 


m 


Jones,  He  Pays  The  Freight 

ON 

Complete  Alaska  outfits  put  up  and  properly  packed, 
delivered  upon  board  steamers  at  Portland,  Ta- 
coma  or  Seattle  at  our  net  Cash  prices. 

By  comparison  of  Prices  you  will  find  thtt  PORTLAND  Prices 
are  fully  Twenty  per  cent,  cheaper  than  San  Francisco, 
-  Tttooma  or  Seattle.  Orders  are  filled  same  day  as  received. 
Two  day's  notice  is  required  to  have  shipments  reach 
Tacoma  or  Seattle  if  you  are  going  that  way.  Give  sail* 
ing  date  of  vessel  you  want  goods  shipped  on.  Our  past 
experience  in  outfitting  gives  us  superior  knowledge  in 
the  requirtmeats  for  a  stay  in  Alaska. 

We  quote  belcw  a  list  of  goods  and  prices  such  as  the  Alaska 
Miner  requires  for  a  year's  trip.  QUALITY  is  important 
and  we  guarantee  everything  first-class. 

OUR  REFERENCESt 

Weill,  Faigo  &  Co.'s  Bank»  The  BradstffccUb  or  D*jni^s 
Gmuncrcial  Agcnqr* 


SUPPLIES  FOR  ONE  MAN  FOR  ONE  YEAR. 


IM  Rm  Beans,  whit*.  oolored..|  1.7& 
MO  Rm  Fionr,  best  family. . . .    4.00 

M  lbs  Com  meal 90 

100  lbs  BacoD,  extra  smoked 

and  CMuraaed  10.60 

M  Rm  Qranulated  Bngsr....  1.76 
10  lbs   Tea,    beat   uncolored 

Jspan  i.OO 

40  lbs  R.    Jk   G.    Java  and 

Moeha  Goffee 1100 

16  Rm  Dried  Peaches,  B?ap..  1.10 
16  Rm  Dried  Gotta,  Bvap. . . .  1.10 
S6  RM  Dried  Apples,  Bvap. . .    1.60 

to  RM  Salt 16 

1  lb  Black  P«pper 16 

VI  lb  Red  Pepper 16 

10  IbM  nnkliiR  Powder 4.00 

16  Rm  nice M 

10  Rm  8osp.  Merino  Ha  Ton..      .60 


2  Plates  (granite  steel) 

2  Camp  Kettles  "    "    

2  Caps,  (granite  steel) 

1  Fry  Pan . 

2  Knives  and  Forks 

1  Ssuce  Psn,  (granite  steel) 
1  Breed  Bake  Pan 

1  Camp  Coffee  Pot 

2  Teaspoons 

2  Tablespoons  

1  S-lnch  Butcher  Knife 

1  Whipsaw  and  Handle. . . . 

2  Minors'  Shovels 

2  Miners' PIcksand  Bandies 

1  Gold  Pan 

1  Rschet  Brace 

1  Kxtenslon  Bit  

1  Draw  Knife 

I  Whetstone 


JO 
1.26 

.20 

.10 

.16 

If 

.16 

.40 

.16 

J6 

.66 

0.76 

1.00 

1.60 

.40 

JO 

L60 

1.00 

.10 


eONTII 


Jones,  He  Pays  The  Freight 


Jones,  He  Pays  The  Freight 


1  lb  Mustard 2t 

S  groM  of  Matches,  packed 

In  tfn 66 

10  Itw  Dried  Green  Peas 40 

15  lbs  Dried  Green  Ck>m....  1.20 
26  lbs  Braporated  Potatoes..  2.60 
10  lbs  ETaporated  Onions  ...    4.00 

2  doi  (Is)  Com  Beef 2.20 

1  dot  Condensed  Milk 1.76 

6Q  lbs  Pilot  Bread,  square. . .  2.26 
1  Bor  Candles  (120) 1.76 

10  lbs  Bummer  Sausage. —  2.00 
1  dos  (4  oa)  Beef  Extract. . .    8.60 

10  lbs  Farina 26 

1  Cobbler  Repair  Outltt. : . .    1.76 


2  10-lnch  Mill  Files 

2  S-Ourner  Taper  Filoa 

6n)8  (lOd)  Nails 

6  1bN  (8d)  Nails 

1  Calkinic  Iron  

6  ttitt  Oakum  

100  feet  (^-In.)  Cotton  Line. . 
100  feet  (Vfc-ln.)  Manilla  Rope. 

1  Axe  and  Handle. 

1  Hatchet  

1  Hand  Axo 

1  Hand  Saw  

1  Jack  Plane 

1  Pair  f-foot  OarM 


CLOTHING. 


6  Pr  Heavy.  All-Wool  Socks  1.76 
2  Pr  Hcary,  German  Alas* 

ka  Socks.  (|L60) , ..    2.00 

2  Pair  (10-lb)  All- Wool  Blaii- 

k«t8.  ^19.00) 18.00 

1     Flopcc  -  Lined     Rubber 

Blanket.  60x81  2.76 

1  Heavy  Mackinaw  Coat:.;    2.00 

2  Pr  Heavy  OrerallB  (60c)..    1.00 
2  Extra  Ileary,  Blye  Flan- 
nel Overahlrts.  ($2.26) 4.60 

2  Suits   Extra    Heavr.  Red 
Flannel  Underwear  (12.60)    7.00 
2  Pr  Felt  Boota  (76c) 1.60 


2  I'r  Arctic  Oventhoes  to 
fit  bootH  

2  Bolts  Munqulto  Netting... 

2  Pr  Alaska  High-Cut.  Wa- 
tcri>roof.  II envy  Shoeit.  OH 
Grain 

1  Tent  (10-OB)  Duck.  Ixt. . . . 

1  Alaska  Camp  Store, 
Heavy  Sheet  Steel 

1  Canvas  Sleeping  Bag. . . . . 

1  I'r  Crack  Proof  RuDber 
Booto  

2  Pr  Mackinaw  Pants 

6  lbs  Tartaric  Acid  


.36 

.20 

.20 

.20 

.66 

.66 

.96 

1.45 

1.26 

.66 

1.00 

1.26 

.90 

2.00 


2.75 


6.00 
6.76 

4.60 
2.60 

6.00 
6.60 
2.6# 


The  above  list  may  be  changed  to  suit  your  views.  We  give  quan- 
tity and  list  of  goods  that  experience  shows  are  required.  Everything 
Is  packed  to  take,  op  the  Jeast  |)oeslble  space.  In  waterptoof  dock  bags, 
for  which  we  charge  10  centa  each.  It  requires  about  16  60-pound  bag* 
to  pack  the  above  outfit.  Prices  quoted  are  based  on  preaent  market 
▼aluea  which  we  do  not  expect  to  change  moeh,  If  any. 

Make  up  a  list  of  what  you  will  require,  according  to  slie  of  your 
party,  and  send  It  to  me  for  our  pricea  on  board  ateamer  at  Portland, 
TMoma  or  Seattle. 

In  ordering  clothing,  give  alico  wanted. 

•CN*  rON  TNI  mfVINa'  •»!•■. 

ADDRESS  ALL  LETTCfIS  TO 

JONES'  Cash  Store 

106  FRONT  STREET.  PORTLAND,  ORL 


Jones,  He  Pays  The  Freight 


i 


EVERYTNINfi  PERTMNIIIfi  TO 


^lasl^a  literature. 


CHARTS  OF  THE  COASTS. 
GENERAL  MAPS. 
YUKON  MAPS* 


Books.Upon  the  Klondike 


AND  GOLD  nCLBS. 

y4ll  Books  of  Travel,  Exploration,  Etc,  published  upon 

/Alaska,  and  a  complete  Stock  of  Books  of 

Evety  sort,  for  sale  at  most 

favorable  prices. 


Revised,  enlari^ed,  with  many  new  enpravinj^s  added,  printed  on 
better  paper  and  wifh  a  handsome  new  cover  of  enamel  paper, 
will  be  sent  by  mail  upon  receipt  of  SO  cents.  ^ 

THE  J.  K.  GILL  CO. 

Masonic  Templci  PORTLAND,  OR. 


• .  .     >  ~ .  ^  .  .    . 


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Indians  Packing  Over  Qiilkoot  Pass. 


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Jy-2 


Alaska 
Klondike 


aod  the 


•••• 


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The  New  Gold  Ms 
*■<  flow  to  R<^cli  Them       I 


HARRY  U  WBLLa 
PORTLAND,  OMBGON 
MOT 


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INDEX 


OHAPTBR  I. 

PtfM. 
Hlitorjr  and  OoTeninMit f  toll 

OHAFTRB  II. 
G«ofnipilii7,  Cllnat*  and  RMwarcM UtoN 

OHAimm  III; 
GoM  DlMorertaa  m  th«  Tnkon Mtoll 

OHAPTBR  IT. 
0«Mnil  OoHdltloM  IB  tlM  GcM  FltM nto44 

ORAPTini  y. 

RotttN  li»  (h*  TakM  MlMt 4ltoM 

CHAPTBB  TI. 
IIIOM  M  th«  ABOTlcAi  lido tltof4 

OHATTBR  VII. 
Rowaod  Wboffo  III  Ootll MtoTI 


f  ■ 


mmBBmmmm 


WL  lllrh«*la  I  'tAtlon  of  tb«  NorthwMt  Tndlnf  4  TnaiporUtlM  Ooi 
■b  aKMVM  ^  guidon  Qf  1^,  Alaaka  Oonoicrcliil  OonMoy. 


Chapter  I 


History  and  Government 


■,•*.■ 


•  «• 


Dnrlnff  the  flftj  ftu9  InnMdlately  folio wiag  tli«  discoTeir  oT 
America,  Spain  c^ned  a  flrm  aad  laatlne  foothold  In  the  New  World. 
By  the  middle  of  the  alztcenth  centnry  the  had  conquered  and  colon- 
lied  erery  portion  of  the  two  coutlnenti  Inhabited  by  wealthy  and 
•eml-clrlllied  nations,  and  wae  enjoying  from  her  new  poaaeaalone  a 
rerenne  almoat  fabnloue  in  Ita  amount 

,  In  lUS  Balboa  croeeed  the  lethmus  of  Daricn  and  dlacorered  the 
Booth  Sea,  and  In  1610  ilagellan  paased  throufh  the  straits  at  the 
extremity  of  South  America  and  entered  the  Pacific.  In  a  fen  years 
the  two  oceans  were  found  to  be  the  same  body  of  water,  but  It  was 
seT«iral  centurleo  before  the  Pacific  was  known  to  extend  so  far  north 
as  It  actually  does,  for  no  sail  was  spread  upon  those  northern  waters. 

When  Cortes  completed  the  subjugation  of  Mexico,  he  at  once 
constructed  Tsesels  on  th'»  west  coast  for  the  explorat'ou  of  the  Pacific, 
of  whoee  rest  expanse  he  had  not  the  sllghteet  con  option.  Bis  plan 
was  to  coast  northward  and  wcetward  until  he  reached  the  Indes.  In 
1600  Jasper  Cortereal  had  entered  Hudson's  bay  through  the  straits 
he  called  "Anian,"  and  when  the  South  sea  waa  dlscoTored  a  few 
years  later  It  was  taken  for  granted  that  Hudson's  bay  was  the  same 
body  of  water  and  that  the  straits  of  AnIan  waa  a  northern  passage 
from  the  Atlantic  to  the  South  eea,  similar  to  the  one  discorered  a  little 
later  by  Ilagellan.  This  error  was  not  exploded  for  nearly  three  een- 
turteo,  and  It  was  due  to  the  persistent  efforts  of  sereral  nations  to 
locate  this  passage  that  Ahiska  was  finally  settled  and  colonised.  Oor* 
tereal's  error  was  as  soon  discorered,  but  one  Maldonado  claimed  a  lit* 
tie  later,  when  the  great  width  of  North  America  was  more  folly  real* 
laed,  to  hare  sailed  In  an  open  North  sea  tOO  miles  and  then  to  bafe 
passed  through  the  straits  of  AnIan  directly  Into  the  South  sea. 
Though  this  alleged  royage  was  undoubtedly  a  myth.  It  kept  the  mart* 
time  nations  of  the  eivth  In  an  intermittent  quest  for  the  mueh-def^lred 
passage  for  two  centuries  and  a  half. 

It  waa  to  find  and  locate  definitely  this  mythical  passage  that  Oor- 
te^  planned  to  skirt  the  malnland^o  the  Indeo,  harlng  no  Men  whaterer 
of  the  great  widih  of  the  Pacific  ocean.  His  plans  were  suddenly 
changed  by  orders  from  his  sorerelgn,  the  powerful  Charlea  V.,  to  sail 
direetiv  ncreea  to  the  Indee.  Theee  orders  were  the  result  of  the  eue* 
^  of  the  Psrtngueso  In  establishing  prottaMo  trade  and  colonlee  In 
the  Indee  by  the  way  of  Oape  of  OoM  Hope.  After  seTemI  nnsncesss 
fm  eipedltloM  acroao  the  Padfie,  the  Philippine  Iskwds  weio  sub^ned. 
■■d  In  a  f*w  yean  m  wwrmona  rerewM  as  dertrti  froa  this 


n 


lv\ 


I  ALASKA.  THB  NBW  «U>OSADO 

depMidMicjr.  At  a  rtanlt,  th*  Northern  ocmb  wm  nagtoctod  for  two 
centwlM  by  Bpoln.  with  tho  ezctptton  of  on  occaalonol  omall  oxpcdl* 
tion,  the  moot  Tonturooomo  of  which  reoehod  no  farther  than  tho  eoaot 
of  Oregon.  Spain  claimed  oxduilTo  jurisdiction  of  the  entlro  Paclfle 
and  tho  lands  bordering  upon  It,  and  enjoyed  nndlapnted  poeaeoalon  of 
Ite  commerce  until  Bnglleh  and  Dutch  iwlYateen,  or  buecaneers.  In- 
vaded It  by  tho  way  of  Oapo  Horn  and  preyed  upon  her  commerce. 
The  easier  to  enter  the  Pacific,  for  this  purpose,  the  Northwest  pas- 
sage was  eageriy  sought  by  the  English,  and  the  desire  to  And  It  and 
fortify  Its  Pacific  end  against  Inraslon  was  the  ruling  motlTO  that 
prompted  the  spasmodic  and  fruitless  expeditions  sent  out  by  Spain 
along  the  northern  coast.  Failure  led  to  a  practical  abandonment  of 
the  effort  on  both  sides  for  msny  yeikrs,  until  Interest  was  suddenly 
revlTSd  In  It  by  the  moYcments  of  a  power  prerlonsly  supposed  to 
have  no  Interest  whaterer  In  this  region. 

The  sudden  rise  of  Russia  from  oblivion  to  a  high  rank  among  the 
powers  of  the  world,  a  roTolotlon  wrought  by  the  genius  of  Peter  the 
Great,  Is  one  of  the  marrels  of  history.  Gradually  he  extended  bis 
power  eastward  across  the  snowy  wsstes  of  Siberia,  until  his  domin- 
ions were  washed  by  the  waters  of  the  Pacific  beating  upon  the  penin- 
sula of  Ksmtchatka.  UaTlng  reached  the  Pacific  he  became  eager  to 
extend  his  power  still  farther  eastward,  until  It  touched  the  weatern 
confines  of  the  dependencies  of  England,  France  and  Spain  In  America. 
How  far  that  was,  or  what  was  the  nature  of  the  region  coreted,  no  one 
had  the  faintest  knowledge.  He  sought  to  find  a  northern  passage  Into 
.he  Pacific,  sImlUr  to  the  one  tbi  English  were  seeking  In  the.  opposite 
direction,  as  well  as  to  explore  eastward  from  Kamtchatka.  Before 
his  pisns  could  be  executed,  he  died,  but  his  widow  and  successor, 
Catherine,  took  up  the  project,  and  In  17X8  sent  Vitus  Behring,  a  Danish 
navigator,  from  Kamtchatka.  He  sailed  northward  until  he  found  the 
coast  trending  stesUlly  westward,  and  tMllevIng  he  had  entered  the 
Arctic  ocean,  ho  returned.  Neither  going  nor  returning  though  the 
straits,  which  were  later  named  In  his  honor,  did  he  see  tho  Ame<'lcan 
coast,  consequently  he  reported  that  a  great  open  sea  lay  to  the  eset- 
wsrd  of  Asia,  Joining  the  Pacific  and  Arctic  oceans.  During  the  next 
few  yesrs  several  other  expeditions  were  sent  out,  one  of  them  landing 
on  the  American  coast  In  1711  and  discovering  thst  but  a  strait,  and  not 
ail  o|ien  sea,  connected  the  two  great  oceans. 

In  llii  Behring  reached  the  American  coast  In  the  vldnlty  of 
Blount  St.  Ellas,  chrlsteoed  by  him,  snd  went  ae  far  south  as  latitude 
K4  degrees  40  minutes.  ITpon  his  return  voyoge  his  vessel  waa  driven 
out  of  'to  course,  and  many  of  tae  crew  dlf>d  of  scurvy.  They  Isnded 
upon  Behring's  Isle,  a  small  speok  upon  the  bosom  of  tho  ocean,  con- 
sisting of  a  few  granite  peaks,  thruot  above  the  sea,  their  sides  contin- 
uously lashed  by  the  surf.  Before  spring  Behring  and  thirty  of  hlo 
followers  found  a  grave  amid  thoee  waterlwund  rocks.  Upon  tho 
return  of  spring  tho  survivors  constructed  a  small  boat  fiom  tho  wreck 
of  their  veesel,  and  succeeded  la  reaching  the  bay  of  Avatscha,  on  tho 
Kamtchatkan  coast.    They  hsd  subsisted  during  the  winter  upon  tho 


ALASKA.  THE  NEW  ELDORADO 


V.i« 


flcth  of  farbMnlBf  animali,  probably  mbI  and  aeal  otter,  and  the 
•kins  had  Mrred  for  beds  and  dothlnf .  In  thcao  fnn  wero  the  rar- 
TiTora  clad  when  tb^j  retnmfd,  and  their  ralne  led  to  the  dispatch  of 
MTeral  expedltlona  by  Ruselan  traden  In  search  of  fnrs,  with  the  rcsnlt 
that  a  large  trade  In  fan  was  fradually  established,  and  Russian  col- 
onies were  established  on  the  coast  of  America. 

For  many  yeara  Alaska,  or  AUaska,  waa  belloTed  by  the  Russians 
to  be  the  largest  of  a  group  of  Islands,  the  many  long  Inlets  penetrating 
the  mainland  being  supposed  to  be  passages  between  Islands,  and  this 
error  was  not  disclosed  untH  the  explorations  of  the  celebrated  Captain 
Cook  rarealed  the  true  naturo  of  the  coast  line  In  177S.  The  Russians 
for  many  years  took  their  furs  to  ATatscha  and  Ochotsk,  and  sent  them 
thence  OTerland  to  the  Chinese  market  at  great  expense,  being  unawaro 
that  the  ocean  In  which  the  fur  Islands  lay  was  the  same  great  sea  that 
washed  the  Chinese  coast,  and  could  be  entered  by  the  way  of  Cape 
Horn.  This  was  dlscorered  when  some  Polish  exiles  escaped  In  a  Tea- 
sel from  the  coast  of  Kamtchatka  and  reached  Canton,  whera  they  sold 
at  a  high  price  fun  they  had  picked  up  on  the  way.  Then  for  the  first 
time  was  realised  the  great  magnitude  of  the  Pacific,  and  that  the  same 
wsten  beat  upon  Behring's  Isle,  the  coast  of  China,  the  Spanish  col- 
onies of  North  and  South  America  and  the  sunny  Inlands  of  the  broad 
Sooth  sea. 

Both  England  and  Spain  became  uneasy  about  the  progress  Russia 
wss  making  on  the  northern  coast,  and  they  sent  out  sereral  expedi- 
tions. The  first  of  Importance  was  that  of  Captain  James  Cook,  who 
sailed  from  England  In  177f,  and  roacbed  the  coast  of  Oregon  In  March, 
1771,  baring  dlscorered  the  Hawaiian  Islanda  the  prorlous  January. 
He  followed  the  coast  northwsrd  to  Mount  St.  Ellas,  thence  westward 
and  northward  through  Behring's  straits.  Into  the  Arctic  ocean  aa  far 
aa  Icy  cape,  exploring  all  the  Inlets,  and  proring  Alaska  to  be  a  great 
estem  extension  of  the  mainland  of  America,  and  not  a  groupe  of  large 
Islands,  as  the  Russians  bellered.  He  proceeded  to  the  Hawaiian 
Islands  to  spend  the  winter  and  was  thero  killed  In  a  needless  quaml 
with  the  natlres. 

The  first  to  arall  themselres  of  the  discorerlea  of  Cook  wera  the 
Russians.  Cook's  royage  opened  their  eyes  to  ths  nature  and  ralue  of 
the  fur  Kglons,  snd  they  determined  to  enter  deeply  Into  that  which 
they  had  been  simply  skimming  for  yeara.  The  many  Independent 
tratkera  who  had  been  making  perilous  royages  among  the  Islands  of 
the  Aleutian  archipelago  combined  and  organised  a  trading  company 
In  1711,  and  In  17U  established  the  fint  permanent  station  on  Kadlak 
lalaad,  from  which  stations  gradnslly  spread  during  succeeding  yeara 
along  the  Islanda  and  mainland.  InterNt  was  also  stimulated  la  thia 
region  elsewhere,  and  In  17M  the  fint  BngUah  trading  ressel  reached 
the  Alaskan  coast  in  search  of  fnra.  followed  during  the  next  few 
yeara  by  other  Bnglloh  and  American  trading  rtsssH.  as  well  as  explor' 
tag  expeditions  of  sereral  natloM.  In  UN  La  rarenw.  a  Knnch  nar- 
Igator.  eiplMred  tha  aoutbeaalera  coart.  and  dnrtag  that  a>id  the  follow* 
lag  year  Portlocfc  and  Dixon,  la  Baglleh  rssaels,  explorsd  the  coaal  aad 


ALASKA,  THB  NBW  BLDOBADO 


Cook's  Inlot  B«c«UM  of  thia  MtlTltj  by  forrtfoon,  ordon  wtni  iamiod 
from  8t  Potonburf  Id  ITftT  to  Uko  poommIob  of  tbo  imlntoikl.  At  tho 
Mmo  ttmo  flpalD  arovMd  bonolf  to  Moort  bor  dalm  of  wdnshro  Jnr* 
Isdlctkm  of  tbo  Paclfle,  and  ooit  an  ozpodltlon  nortb  to  mo  wbat  tbo 
BumUum  w«ro  dotoff.  Tblo  oxpedltlon  Tlsltod  Kadlak  lalaad  and  Una- 
laaka  In  178t,  and  retnrnod  to  lleztco  wltb  tbo  report  tbat  tboi*  wort 
•Igbt  ■ettlemonta  In  Alaska,  all  of  tbom  wsst  of  Prlnco  WUllam's 
sound,  wbllo  anotber  was  about  to  be  estaUlsbed  near  tbe  soond  itself, 
wklcb  was  done  tbat  year  near  tbe  moutb  of  Copper  rlTor.  Tbese  posts 
were  cbelllj  oecopled  by  natlTes  of  Siberia  and  Kamtcbatka.  It  was 
also  reported  tbat  tbe  Russians  were  preparing  to  take  possession  of 
Nootka  sound,  on  VancouTer  Island,  and  otber  points  far  to  tbe  south. 
8|Miln  sent  a  remonstrance  to  Russia  i.bat  bor  subjects  were  eneroacb- 
iDg  upon  tbe  Spanlsb  dominions  In  the  PaclAc,  and  was  answered  tbat 
the  Russians  were  acting  under  express  directions  of  the  crown.  Mean- 
while English  traders  bad  taken  possession  of  Nootka  sound,  on  Van> 
courer  Island,  and  In  1789  8'r>aln  sent  an  expedition  there,  captured  the 
TCBsels  of  the  English  companies  and  took  possession.  This  almost  led 
to  a  war,  but  the  matter  was  settled  by  tbe  Nootka  couTontlon  of  1791, 
by  which  Spain's  acknowledged  sorerelgnty  terminated  at  the  Cali- 
fornia line,  aboTO  which  point  both  Spain  and  England  should  have 
equal  rights. 

Knowledge  of  the  nsture  of  the  great  unknown  wilderness  back 
of  the  Alaskan  line  was  gained  In  1787,  when  Ales«nder  Mackenslemade 
his  famous  Journey  to  the  Arctic  ocean  by  tbe  way  of  Great  Blare  bike 
and  Markenale  rlTor,  and  again  In  1791-1,  when  he  made  the  first  Jour- 
ney oTerland  A>  the  Pacific  by  way  of  Peace  rlTer  and  the  Fraser  river. 
From  1790  to  1791  sereral  Spanish,  EngUib  and  American  Tossels 
traded  along  tbe  coast  and  explored  the  numerous  passsges  and  Inlets, 
and  from  1798  to  1794  Captain  George  Vancourer,  the  English  Nootka 
commmlBsloner,  explored  tbe  entire  coast  north  of  California  to  tbe 
bead  of  Cook's  Inlet,  and  settled  definitely  In  tbe  negatlTO  the  queatlon 
of  a  paaaage  through  the  northern  continent  between  the  Atlantic  and 
Pacific,  belief  In  wnlch  bad  existed  for  nearly  three  centuries.  It  was 
then  realised  fully  tbat  Alaska  was  a  great  western  extension  of  the 
continent,  deeply  penetrated  by  arms  of  tbe  sea  and  Its  coast  fringed 
with  Innumerable  Islsnds.  Prom  this  time  till  Its  purchase  by  tbe 
United  States,  Alaska  was  undlsputabiy  In  the  bands  of  Russia. 

In  1790  Shellkoff,  the  most  energetic  of  the  traders,  organised  tbe 
SheUkoff  company  to  monopolise  the  trade,  and  was  granted  special 
priTlleges  by  tlto  goTemment.  B.  Delareff  as  made  chief  director,  being 
gOTemor  of  tbe  entire  fur  region,  and  the  famous  Alexander  Baranoff 
.was  glTsn  charge  of  the  posts  on  Kadlak  Island  and  Cook'a  Inlet,  tbo 
former  being  the  geueral  headquartera.  Baranoff  was  made  cblef 
director  In  1798,  add  for  many  years  ruled  Alaska  with  an  Iron  band,' 
Indicting  many  cruelties  upon  tbe  natives,  wltb  whom  be  was  con- 
stantly at  war,  and  conducting  himself  In  a  most  outrageous  and  cor- 
rupt manner,  lie  was  frequently  complained  of  and  reported  against, 
and  twice  succeosurs  were  appointed,  both  of  them  meeting  wltb  disas- 


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ALASKA,  THE  NEW  ELDOBADO  » 

ter  before  reaching  him.  tn  ITf  S  an  Imperial  ukase  waa  Isaued  author- 
laing  the  aendlng  of  mlBslonarlea  and  conrlcta  to  the  American  colonies, 
and  the  foUowlng  year  IM  conrlcts,  two  oreraeera  and  11  monks  were 
colonised  on  the  coaat  near  Bt  KUaa,  where  they  endured  Incredible 
hardships,  eren  the  monks  beinf  compelled  to  work  like  slares.  In  17tS 
the  settlement  of  New  Russia  was  made  on  Behring,  or  Takutat,  bay. 
Opposition  to  the  Shellkoff  company  harlng  sprung  up,  the  gOTemment 
chartered  the  Russlan-Amerlcan  company  for  20  years,  giving  It  control 
of  all  the  coast  norih  of  latitude  6t  lYegreea.  Baranoff  was  made  man- 
ager and  In  consequence  goremor  of  the  country,  complete  control 
being  In  the  li.«nds  of  the  company.  There  was  no  law  except  the  rales 
of  the  company,  and  no  Justice  for  the  foreigner  or  native  MiTe  such  aa 
pleased  Baranoff  to  gtre. 

Sitka,  the  present  capital  of  Alaska,  was  established  by  Baranoff  In 
17M,  In  Sitka  bay,  on  Baranoff  Island,  the  fort  erected  at  tbat  time 
being  called  Fort  Archangel  Gabriel.  English  and  American  ressels 
▼isited  the  coaat  and  their  cargoes  were  the  chief  source  of  supplies  for 
the  Russian  posts.  In  1804  a  aettlement  waa  established  on  Sttka  bay, 
called  New  Archangel,  and  this  was  made  by  Baranoff  the  headquarters 
of  the  company  and  the  seat  of  gorernment  of  the  colony,  being  none 
other  than  the  present  rtty  of  BHka.  The  Astor  settlement  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Ck>lumbla  In  1810  and  1811  was  made  In  pursuance  of  an 
agreement  to  anppiy  the  Russian  poets.  For  another  source  of  supplies 
Baranoff  effected  a  settlement  In  California,  at  Bodega  bay,  built  Fort 
Ross,  and  eatabllshed  a  colony  to  gnvr  wheat  and  Tegetables.  This 
aettlement  waa  sold  to  John  A.  Sutter  In  1841,  when  no  longer  needed 
by  the  Russians.  In  1817  Baranoff  resigned  and  Hagenmelster  became 
gorernor. 

In  1816  the  first  extenslTe  explorations  of  the  coaat  north  of  the 
peninsula  were  made  by  Kotabne,  whose  name  was  giren  to  the  great 
sound  north  of  Behring  strait.  In  1818  Korsakoff  creased  Alaska  on 
foot  from  Cook's  Inlet  to  the  mouth  of  Kushkoqulm  river,  and  Kol- 
hakoff  built  a  fort  at  Nushergak,  on  Bristol  bay.  In  1818  Important 
reforms  were  Instituted  In  the  government  of  the  company  and  colony. 
At  that  time  there  were  five  settlements  on  the  Aleutian  Isianda,  four 
on  Cook's  inlet,  two  on  Chugach  gulf  and  one  on  Baranoff  Island,  the 
capltat  In  1880  Muravleff  became  governor,  and  the  same  year  Kuah- 
kOquim  river  was  explored.  In  1811  the  charter  of  the  company  '.t«s 
renewed  for  10  years,  and  an  imperial  ukase  waa  Issued,  claiming  ail 
the  country  north  of  latitude  80  degreea.  This  led  to  a  remonstrance 
on  the  part  of  the  United  States,  which  nation  had  purchased  the  Span- 
ish claims  In  1811,  resulting  In  a  treaty  In  1814,  limiting  Russian  aettle- 
menta  to  the  country  north  of  latitude  14  degreea  40  minutes,  and  giving 
fret  trade  prlvUegca  to  both  along  the  entire  coaat  The  following  year 
a  aimllar  treaty  was  made  with  England.  Tb'  i  confined  the  dispute  for 
possisalea  of  the  country  between  California  and  latitude  M  degrsee 
40  mlnutea  to  Bnglaad  and  the  Vatttd  Btatee,  a  oMtter  whieh  waa  est* 
tied  by  the  treaty  of  ll4t,  dividing  the  dIeputH  terrttory  at  the  forty* 
■lath  paralleL 


!• 


ALASKA,  THB  KDW  ELDOBADO 


la  IStS  Ohlstekoff  bccam*  chief  dlnetor,  and  iiio#«d  tlM  caplUI 
from  New  Archangel  to  St.  Paul,  on  Kadlak  lahind.  In.  IttC  Captain 
Beechy.  of  the  Britieh  nary,  explored  the  Arctic  coaat  of  Alaska  aa 
far  east  as  Point  Barrow.  In  18S1  Baron  Wranfell  became  governor 
and  relocated  the  capital  at  New  Archangel.  In  188S  Alaska  ceased  to 
be  merely  a  penal  cdonjr,  and  permission  was  glren  to  all  Russian 
subjects  to  reside  there.  The  spme  year  Fort  Bt.  MIdiaela  was  built 
by  Tebenett  on  Norton  sound.  80  miles  north  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Yukon,  and  In  1135  the  delta  of  the  Yukon  was  explored  by  Glasunoff. 
The  Btlckeen  riTer,  hSTlng  been  dlscoTsred  In  1801  by  tht  American 
ship  Atahualpa,  and  Wrangell  learning  In  18SS  that  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company  was  preparing  to  take  possession  of  that  region,  he  estab- 
lished Fort  DyoneslUB  at  Its  mouth,  subsequently  called  Fort  Wran> 
gell.  This  led  to  complaint  by  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  and  finally 
to  the  leasing  of  the  fort  by  that  company,  from  which  time  the  entire 
interior  was  dominated  by  the  English  corporation,  whose  posts  bad 
been  extended  northward  to  the  Arctic  and  westward  to  the  Pacific. 

In  1836  Kuprianoff  liecame  chief  director.  In  1837  the  Arctic  coast 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Mackensie  west  to  Point  Barrow  waa  explored 
by  Dvane  and  Simpson,  thus  completing  the  delineation  of  the  entire 
.\lasksu  coast.  Fort  Nuiato  was  built  on  the  Yukon,  but  was  aban- ' 
doned  the  same  year  and  was  burned  by  the  natives.  It  was  rebuilt 
In  1841,  wus  captured  and  burned  again  in  18S1,  and  waa  finally  rebuilt 
in  1859.  In  1840  EtoUn  became  chief  director,  and  In  1844  <he  com- 
pany's charter  was  renewed  for  80  years  from  1842.  In  1843  the  Yukon 
was  ascended  as  far  as  Nowlkakat,  and  in  1847  McMurray  built  Fort 
Yukon  near  the  mouth  of  the  Porcupine  and  explored  the  latter  river. 
In  1848  Wolwodsky  succeeded  Etolin  us  governor.  This  year  is  mem- 
orable as  the  beginning  of  whaling  in  the  Arctic.  Captain  Ra'ys  took 
an  American  vcssri  through  the  straita  and  waa  so  successful  that  the 
followliig  year  134  American  whaling  vessels  entered  the  Arctic 
ocean.  The  first  settlement  made  on  the  Yukon  by  the  British  waa  In 
1861,  when  Fort  Selkirk  was  established  by  Robert  Campbell  east  of 
the  141iit  meridian,  which  had  been  made  the  boundary  line  by  the 
treaties  of  1834  and  1836.  The  fort  was  burned  by  natives,  but  subse- 
quently rebuilt  In  1860  Fumlielm  became  governor,  and  the  following 
year  tlio  exploration  of  the  Yukon  was  completed  by  Kennicott,  who 
descended  the  stream.  UlHsatisfactlon  with  the  condition  of  affairs  led 
to  a  refusal  by  the  cxar  to  renew  the  company's  charter  In  1862,  and  it 
lost  ail  Its  special  privileges,  the  result  being  a  practical  suspension  of 
government  In  Alaska  until  1864,  when  MakautoflT,  the  first  imperial 
governor,  arrived  in  the  colony. 

In  1866  the  Western  Union  Telegraph  Company  entered  upon  the 
ambitious  project  of  connecting  Europe  with  the  United  States  by  a 
telegraph  line  through  Alaska  and  Siberia.  It  aent  out  a  terge  number 
of  well  equipped  expeditions,  which  explored  both  the  Alaakan  and  tha 
Siberian  coasts  and  interior,  and  even  built  a  portion  of  the  line,  which 
went  to  waste  when  the  whole  project  was  abandoned  because  of  tha 
success  of  the  Atlantic  cable.    In  the  course  of  this  work  the  Yukon 


ALASKA,  THE  NEW  ELDORADO 


11 


wasaicendcd  and  descended  and  the  region  abont  Its  mouth  thoroughly 
explored  bj  Jones  and'  Lukeen  and  others,  and  again  In  1866  Kennlcott, 
Ketchnm,  Leharge  and  Lukeen  explored  the  rlrer  from  the  upper  lake* 
as  far  down  as  Fort  Tnkon. 

The  next  step  In  the  history  of  Alaska  tras  Its  purchase  by  the 
United  States  In  1867,  for  $7,200,000,  through  negotiations  conducted  by 
William  H.  Seward.  The  far-sighted  statesman  was  seTerely  crltldxed 
at  the  time  for  his  purchase  of  barren  rocks  and  snow,  but  he  was  able 
to  show  that  the  fur  trade  alone  was  worth  the  purchaso  price,  while 
the  flsheries  were  unsurpassed  In  their  possibilities  and  the  mineral 
wealth  gave  promise  of  great  ralue,  which  has  been  more  than  fulfilled 
by  the  derelopments  of  recent  years.  There  Is  no  one  now  who  thinkf 
Seward  made  a  bad  bargain. 

At  the  time  Alaska  was  purchased  It  had  a  population  of  but  a 
few  Russians  and  mixed  breeds,  besides  the  natives.  Schools  had  been 
established  by  the  goremment,  under  control  of  the  priests  of  the 
olBclal  Greek  church,  for  both  the  wulte  population  and  the  natives, 
but  the  goremment  was  primltlrc  and  autocratic.  Troops  were  sent 
north  to  occupy  the  country,  and  a  military  goTcmment  was  estab* 
llshed,  with  the  capital  at  Sitka,  the  name  giren  by  the  Americans 
to  the  old  Russian  town  of  New  Archangel.  For  a  long  time  the  colony, 
for  It  could  be  called  nothing  else,  was  neglected  by  congress,  but  Its 
growing  Importance  at  last,  tompelled  that  body  to  pass  an  act  for  its 
goremment  In  1834. 

In  the  summer  of  1881  a  conrentlou  was  held  at  Juneau,  to  take 
steps  to  secure  a  goremment  for  Alaska.  This  conrentlon  selected 
Mottrom  D.  Ball  as  a  delegate  to  congress  to  secure  legislation.  He 
went  to  Washington,  and,  though  not  admitted  to  a  seat  In  congress, 
his  presence  «^ld  much  to  a^'ract  attention  to  the  needs  of  that  section 
of  the  country.  For  sereral  sessions  rarious  Alaska  bills  were  before 
civigress,  and  June  17,  1884,  a  bill  Introduced  the  year  before  by  Sena- 
tor Benjamin  Harrison  became  a  law.  Ti^is  act  provided  for  a  gor- 
eraor,  district  Judge,  clerk  of  the  court,  iuarshal,  collector  of  customs, 
and  four  commissioners,  since  Increased  to  lire,  one  to  reside  In  each 
of  the  chief  towns,  and  all  to  be  apiwlnted  by  the  president.  Sitka  was 
made  the  capital  and  place  of  oHldnl  residence,  also  a  land  ofllce. 
The  laws  of  Oregon  were  made  applicable  to  the  district,  and  an 
Oregon  Judge  was  appointed  to  administer  them.  The  law  prohibited 
the  cutting  and  export  of  timber,  the  killing  of  fur  seals,  except  by 
the  company  with  which  the  goremment  had  a  contract,  and  the 
Importation,  manufacture  or  sale  of  liquor.  With  the  exception  of 
occasional  confiscations  by  tbe  collector,  the  liquor  law  has  been  a 
dead  letter,  as  great  quantities  of  whisky  and  beer  hare  been  smug- 
gled iQ,  and  saloons  ran  openly  In  every  town,  from  which  the  gorem- 
ment, with  Ita  nsnal  Inconsistency,  collects  a  rerenue  license.  This 
natter  of  liquor  has  been  an  Important  one  erer  since  the  fur  trade 
with  the  natlrea  began.  N'w  that  the  white  men  ara  pouring  Into  that 
fftgloo  m  larft  nnsben  It  iMy  be  called  aettled.   They  will  demand 


mm 


iMMMi 


ALASKA,  THE  NEW.  ELDORADO. 


It 


;■  V  v.-     *  • 


the  Mine  rlgbt  to  drink  and  sell  liquor  enjoyed  by  their  brethrMi  la  ^ 
other  terrltorion,  iind  the  next  Alntkn  act  will  vndovbtcdlj  grant  It  t» 
them,  rcNerrlng  only  the  prohibition  afti^at  aelllng  liquor  to  In<*.ans. 

Tbia  act,  though  a  Test  Improvement  on  a  merely  military  gOTem- 
ment,  waa  not  such  as  the  growing  needa  of  the  country  retjulred. 
By  1890  the  white  population  had  Increaaed  to  4900,  chiefly  along  the 
coaat,  and  Ip  the  ne^t  few  yeara  this  waa  neariy  doubled  by  the  devel- 
opment of  the  minea  and  flaheriea,  eapedally  by  the  opening  up  of  the 
placer  mInea  along  the  Yukon.  The  rush  of  the  present  year  haa 
almost  doubled  It  again,  with  prospect  of  much  more  than  doubling 
another  year.  Oradltlons  bare  so  radically  changed  that  a  regular 
territorial  goremment  can  not  much  longer  be  denied  to  Alaska. 

After  the  act  of  1884  waa  passed  efforts  were  cbntlnued  to  secure 
a  better  form  of  goTemmcnt.  In  1888  the  democrata  sent  two  dele- 
gates to  the  democratic  national  conrentlon,  and  they  were  seated. 
In  1889  the  republicans  held  a  convention  at  Juneau  and  sent  Minor  W. 
Bruce  to  Washington  with  a  memorial  to  congresa  and  as  a  member 
<^  the  republican  national  committee.  From  that  time  both  parties 
gave  Ahuka  representation  In  their  conventions. 

The  misunderstanding  and  contentions  regarding  the  laws  that  are 
applicable  to  Alaska,  so  far  aa  lands  and  dalma  ate  concerned,  have 
been  set  at  rest  by  a  statement  by  Commissioner  BInger  Hermann,  of 
the  general  land  ofllce.  Many  Inqulriea  on  thia  question  have  come  t» 
the  attention  of  the  department,  and  numerous  applications  have  been 
made  for  ciqiles  of  the  public  land  laws  which  apply  to  Alaska.  The 
general  land  ofllce  has  taken  much  interest  In  the  reports  from  the  gold 
belt  and  haa  Investigated  the  lawa  that  govern  them.  Mr.  Hermann 
saya  there  la  no  longer  any  question  about  what  laws  extend  to  Alaska* 
and  that  these  laws  are  applicable: 

First—The  mineral  land  laws  of  the  United  States. 

Second— Township  laws,  which  provide  for  the  Incorporation  of 
townships  and  acquirement  of  title  thereto  from  the  United  States 
government  to  township  trustees. 

Third— The  laws  providing  for  trade  and  manufactures,  and  giving 
each  qualifled  person  160  acrea  of  land  In  a  square  and  compact  form. 

The  coal  landa  regulatlona  are  distinct  from  the  mineral  regula- 
tlona  or  lawa,  and  the  Jurisdiction  of  neither  coal  laws  nor  public' land 
law  extends  to  Alaaka,  the  territory  being  expreaaly  excluded  by  the 
lawa  themselves  from  th&lr  operation.  The  act  approved  May  IT,  1884, 
providing  for  civil  government  of  Alaaka*  haa  this  langnag*  aa  t» 
mluea  and  mining  privileges: 

"The  laws  of  Uie  United  States  relating  to  mining  claims  and 
rights  Incidental  thereto  shaH  on  and  after  the  passage  of  this  set  bs 
In  fnn  force  and  effect  In  saM  district  of  Alaska,  subject  to  such  rag- 
ilstloBs  as  may  be  made  by  the  secrstaiy  of  the  Interior  and  ap** 
pioTs^i  by  the  president,  and  parties  who  hats  loeatsd  atfnss  or  silalnff 
priTUsfss  thsrson.  udsr  the  United  ttatss  laws  appUcnbls  to  the 
pwbHedoBMla,  sr  havs  aeenplsd  sr  ls»<><*<»?sd  or  aasrdssd  acts  of 


•    » 


' 


14 


ALASKA.  TBB  NBW  BLDOBADO 


•.'•/•V 


•nhlp  OTW  •oeh  ctalma.  sImII  not  b*  dlatwbad  thwalB,  bat  •hall  b« 
allowad  to  pcrfeet  titl*  hj  psynrnts  proTldcd  for.** 

ThOTo  la  atUI  nor*  gonoral  antborlty  without  tha  apodal  aatharltjr. 
Tbo  act  of  Jttlj  14, 18M,  Mjn: 

"All  TalaaMo  mineral  dopoalta  in  landa  b;.longlnf  to  tbo  United 
Btatei,  both  ranreyed  and  nnaanrejred,  art  hereby  declared  to  bo  free 
and  open  to  exploration  and  purehaae,  and  landa  .In  which  they  are 
found,  to  OGcu[  itlon  and  purehaae  by  dtlaena  of  tLo  United  Siatca,  and 
by  thoee  who  hare  declared  an  intention  to  become  anch  under  the 
rules  prescribed  by  law  and  according  to  local  cuitoma  of  rulea  of 
miners  In  the  sereral  mining  districts,  so  far  as  the  same  are  applica- 
ble and  not  iDconslstent  with  the  biws  «*/  the  United  States." 

The  patenting  of  mineral  lands  In  Alaska  Is  not  a  new  thing,  for 
tlist  work  has  been  going  on  for  some  time.  In  addition  to  the  land 
office  at  Sitka  one  wlU  be  established  At  Circle  City. 

CANADIAN  GOVSBNMBNT.  '  •  • 

The  fact  that  the  gold  fields  of  the  Interior  lie  partly  In  Canada  and 
partly  In  the  United  Btatee  much  complicates  the  altuatlon.  The  Brit- 
ish Columbia  line  eztenda  so;.ie  distance  north  of  the  southern  line 
of  Alaska,  so  U*at  aU  the  Interior  south  of  that  Una  la  subject  to  the 
laws  of  that  pn*  .-Ince.  North  of  that  line,  including  the  entire  Yukon 
region  not  In  the  United  States,  lies  In  the  Northwest  Territory,  which 
Includes  that  rest  region  of  British  America  lying  north  of  the  organ- 
ised proTlncee.  This  territory  Is  goremed  by  regulatlona  promulgated 
by  the  Canadian  goTemment,  which  has  adopted  mining  regulations 
for  it  as  giren  at  length  In  this  Tolume.  In  1894  a  detachment  of  tO 
mounted  police  was  dispatclied  to  the  Yukon  country,  under  command 
of  Inspector  Constantlne.  who  estsbllshed  poets  at  Fort  Cudahy  and 
Forty-Mile,  and  proceeded  to  enforce  the  Canadian  regulations  and 
collect  customs  duties.  The  next  year  a  regular  customs  collector  was 
appointed.-  Since  the  great  rush  began  the  present  year  additional 
police  and  customs  officers  hare  been  sent  to  the  Yukon  district,  and 
Major  Joseph  Walsh  has  been  appointed  administrator  and  made  prac- 
tically governor  of  that  district,  while  a  Judge  has  been  appointed  to 
hold  court  and  administer  the  civil  snd  criminsl  laws  until  the  Canad- 
ian parliament  can  take  action.  The  office  of  the  gold  commissioner, 
where  all  locations  must  be  made  and  licenses  secured,  U  at  Dawson 
City,  though  It  Is  possible  branch  offices  msy  soon  be  located  else- 
where. 

CANADIAN  DUTIES. 

One  of  tha  first  steps  taken  by  the  Canadian  gofemment  when  tha 
rush  to  the  Klondike  began,  waa  to  aend  customa  ofltoars  le  cottaet 
dutiea  on  all  goods  taken  In.  Tbia  was  not  done  In  a  spirit  of  hoattUty 
to  the  prospector*,  nor  were  any  special  dutlss  Imposed.  It  was  simply, 
the  same  effort  on  the  part  of  the  Canadian  offidala  to  enforea  tha  reg* 
uhir  hiwa  of  that  country  that  wars  being  made  by  olmllar  American 


ALASKA.  THE  NEW  ELDORADO 


II 


olll^lali.  Castoma  collector*  were  hastily  sent  In  OTer  the  Chllcoot  trail 
to  Lake  Tagisb.  ^bere  they  establlahed  a  station  for  the  collection  of 
duties  ori  all  goods  taken  past.  This  dnty  has  not  been  rollecte<i!  upon 
the  personal  wesrlng  apparel  or  a  reasonable  quantity  of  supplies  taken 
In  by  IndlTlduals  for  their  own  use,  but  haa  been  lerled  upon  oTery- 
thing  taken  In  for  trade  or  In  quantities  beyond  the  leglf Imate  needs  of 
the  owners  for  a  reasonable  period.  The  names  of  all  persons  who 
refuse  to  pay  the  duty  are  forwarded  to  the  mining  commissioners  nt 
Dawson,  and  all  such  persons  wlU  be  denied  the  priTllege  of  looatlug 
claims,  eren  If  their  outfits  are  not  conflacated.  An  American  entering 
the  Northwest  territory,  whether  by  one  of  the  orerland  route*  or  by 
steamer  on  the  Tukon,  must  be  prepared  to  pay  duty  on  the  stuff  he 
takes  In  and  pay  It  In  cash.  The  roTerse  Is  true  of  all  persons  entering 
Alaska  from  the  Canadian  side,  since  It  Is  not  to  be  supposed  that  the 
American  collector  of  customs  and  hia  deputies  will  be  less  energetic 
In  enforcing  the  rerenue  lawa  of  the  United  State*  than  are  the  Canad- 
Ian  ofllclals  with  the  laws  of  that  country.  The  following  are  the 
duties  IcTled  by  Canada  upon  the  chief  article*  foinf  Into  the  mining 
region: 

Per  cent, 
•d  ralorem. 

Axes,  hatchets,  shorels,  spade*,  picks,  etc 15 

Baking  powder,  €c  per  pound. 

Bed  comforts  n% 

Blaivikets,  tc  per  pound,  and  ,  .18 

Boats  and  ship  sails  M 

Boots  and  shoe*  end  rubber  boots SB 

Breadstuff*,  grain,  flour  and  meal,  all  kinds tO 

Butter,  4c  per  pound. 

Candle* tl 

Cartridge*  and  ammunition M 

Oiieese,  Sc  per  pound. 

ngani  and  cigarette*,  $100  per  pound,  and M 

CfothlQg 

Bock*,  10c  per  dosen  pair*,  and 18 

Knitted  iroiod*  of  erery  description tS 

R«i>dy-m*de,  partially  of  wool M 

Wftter-proof  clothing  18 

Cotton  knitted  good* 88 

Duck,  from  SO  to 10 

Furcapa,  cap**,  coata,  muffa,  ate • S8 

Jeniey*,  knitted  88 

Lln*n  dothlag UH 

OII*d  cloth  M 

Backs  or  bags  M 

wid*BS*d  ..*........... M 

BMst*d,le  p*r  pound,  nai M 

•ubatltnt**,  ic  p*r 
Bxttacti^  le  p*f  i 


r-i 


}• 


ALASKA,  TBB  NEW  BLDODADO 


OoadeoMd  milk,  te  ptr  pomd. 

Oiowban ........IS 

CaUtry * W   . 

D<»ga « M 

DruiKS  ,., M 

Bartbenwar* .' ......SO 

Edged  tooto  ; '. It 

Fire  Anns  , M 

Flovr,  wheftt,  76c:  rye,  SOe  per  iMrreL 

Fiih  books  and  Unes ...tS 

Fruits,  dried , SS 

rnines,  raisins,  enrrent.,  le  per  pound. 

Jellies,  Jsms,  preserree,,  to  per  pound. 

Furniture ^ . . . .  .tO 

OslTonlsed  Iron  or  tinware SO 

Hardware .....SS% 

Harness  and  suddlery  SO 

Horses SO 

Lard,  So  per  pound.  '       .      '  ' 

Maps  and  cbart? , SO 

Meats,  canned  , ,,.... SS 

In  barrels,  Sc  per  pound. 

Oat  meal  : SO 

Pipes,  tobacco  '. ,  .SS 

Pork  In  barrels,  8c  per  pound. 
Potatoes,  16c  per  busbel. 

Potted  meata SS  , 

Powder,  mlb<nff  and  blasting,  Sc  per  pound. 
Rice  .l^c  per  pound. 

Bamllls,  portable  , , H  i  •','.«. M 

Sugar,  C4-100C  per  pound. 

Surgical  Instruments  IS 

Tents %tyk 

Tobacco,  48c  per  pound,  and ..., ISH 


THE  BOUNDABY  QUESTION. 

A  eont*«Tersy  exists  between  the  United  Stataa  and  Oreat  Brit- 
ain as  to  the  boundary  line  between  Alaaka  and  Oenada.  In  the  Yukon 
country  this  Is  only  a  question  of  surrey  and  la  of  llttia  Importance, 
but  In  Southern  Alaaka  It  lUTolTee  the  conatructlon  of  n  treaty  and  If 
settled  according  to  the  claim  of  Greet  Britain  wooM  take  from  the 
united  Statee  a  strip  of  land  along  the  coast.  Including  the  wonderfnl 
tourist  attraction  of  Olader  bay  and  seYeral  such  starting  polnta  for 
the  Interior  as  Taku,  Dyea  and  Skaguay. 

The  treaty  made  la  IISI  between  Buasla  and  England,  taferred  to 
In  the  prefloua  chapter,  defined,  the  boundary  Una  according  to  the 
somewhat  imperfect  geographluoi  knowledge  of  tha  time,  nus  tranty 
fixed  the  starUng  point  at  the  soiAth  end  of  PrInca  of  Walea  (Jand.  In 


" 


ft 


i      '•^ 


*>' 


•■*■..    y 


i.t 


l:r>', 


+.». 


.V » .• ; 


ALASKA.  THE  NEW  ELDORADO 


IT 


latitude  64  degrees  40  mlnutei,  the  line  thence  to  ran  north  etong  the 
channel  of  Portland  cannl  ••  far  the  point  of  the  continent  where  It 
strike*  the  6(th  depfee  of  north  latitude,  following  thence  the  Bvnimit 
of  the  mountains  i>arallel  with  the  coast  to  the  point  of  intersection 
with  the  141a'  degree  of  west,  longitude,  thence  following  that  meridian 
to  the  Arctic  ocean.  It  la  especially  proTlded  that  whereTcr  the  sum- 
mit  of  the  mountains  parallel  to  the  coaat  shall  he  more  than  10  marine 
leagues  from  the  ocean,  the  line  shall  run  parallel  to  the  windings  of 
the  coast  and  nerer  exceed  the  distance  of  10  msrlne  leagues  there- 
from. This  Is  what  constitutes  the  controTcrer.  The  British  claim  Is 
that  Behm  canal  waa  really  Intended,  Instead  of  Portland  canal,  a» 
the  southern  line,  since  the  Portland  canal  Is  east  from  the  starting 
point,  and  not  north,  as  speclfled  In  the  treaty,  and  that  the  10  marine 
leagues  should  he  measured  from  the  main  channela  of  water  and  not 
from  the  heads  of  Inlets  as  measured  by  the  United  States.  The  differ- 
ence In  the  lines  the  acceptance  of  the  construction  now  glren  to  tho 
treaty  by  England  would  produce.  Is  clearly  shown  on  the  accompany- 
ing map.  It  la  so  Important  that  much  difllculty  will  be  experienced 
In  adjusting  the  matter.  As  to  the  boundary  In  the  Yukon  region,  It 
la  only  a  question  of  accurate  location  of  the  141st  meridian,  which 
runs  due  north  from  the  summit  of  Mt  St  EUas.  Of  the  location  of 
this  meridian  General  Duflleld,  superintendent  of  the  coast  and  geo- 
detic surrey,  says: 

"The  location  was  made  on  the  north  at  Porcupine  rirer  by  our 
aurreyors  and  In  the  Ticlnlty  of  the  Yukon  by  the  Canadians  under 
OgllTle,  and  their  work  there  checked  by  our  men.  We  found  that 
where  OgllTle's  line  crossed  Forty-lille  creek  It  was  six  feet  and  nine 
Inches  too  fsr  east,  and  when  It  crossed  the  Yukon  It  was  <18  feet  too 
far  west.  Thus  It  may  be  seen  that  the  line  as  located  by  OglWIe  la 
substantially  correct.  There  Is  no  possibility  of  an  error,  the  correc- 
tion of  which  would  put  the  new  gold  regions  In  American  territory.. 
At  the  nearest  point  Dawson  City  Is  10  miles  on  the  Canadian  side  of 
the  OgllTle  line.  If  the  treaty  now  before  the  senate  proTldlng  for 
fixing  the  boudary  Is  ratified,  a  commission  will  be  appointed  to  per- 
form thia  duty.  It  Is  considered  more  than  probable  that  the  OgllTlo- 
•urrey  will  be  accepted." 

YUKON  MAIL  SERVICE. 

The  United  States  postofllce  department  has  Issued  an  order  estsb- 
llshlag  an  exchange  of  malls  between  Dyea,  Alaska,  and  Dawson  Olty» 
Oanada,  beginning  September  M,  from  Dyea. 

The  malla  In  question  shall  contain  only  letters  and  postal  cards, 
t*  the  eiehnloB  of  all  other  artlcleo.  The  mall  made  up  at  the  ofilco 
at  Dyea  for  tho  oflke  at  Dawson  City  shall  contain  letters  and  postal 
•aide  addressed  for  dellTery  at  any  place  In  the  Yukon  district  of  Oan- 
ada, and  tho  malls  made  np  at  tho  oflco  of  Dawson  Oty  for  tho  oOco 
wl  Dyea  shall  eoalain  letteta  and  poetal  cardn  addrssstd  for  doNTory 
•I  MV  placo  ta  tko  United  aiateo. 


|! 


nl 


It. 


ALASKA.  1>HB  MBW  BLDOBADO 


Tlite  to  tb*  fonnal  MwounceuiMit  of  th*  Inaoguimtloa  of  tho  now 
pooUl  Mrrlco  la  tho  gold  rogton.  which  hiM  boon  ottabltohod  thitragh 
•n  ogroonont  botweon  thto  countiy  and  OowuU.  Tho  eonttmet  for  por> 
forming  the  oerrico  wlU  be  let  by  the  Onnndlon  goTommont,  tho 
United  Stateo  pajing  tho  tatter  for  Ito  ohoro  of  the  expenoeo,  booed  on 
the  stretch  of  Ataekon  territory  the  route  troTeroes. 

No  newapopera  con  be  got  thongh  thto  winter,  and  all  nuUled  will 
be  held  there  until  they  can  be  eent  In  by  way  of  Bt  Mlchartt  In  the 
iprlng. 

In  the  aumnier  months  there  will  be  regutar  mall  aorrlco  for  both 
letters  and  papers  by  the  way  of  Bt  MIchaeto  to  Circle  GIty,  and  prob- 
ably arrangements  will  be  made  to  have  an  Interchange  of  mall  be- 
tween Circle  City  on  the  Alasiia  side  of  the  line  and  Dawson  City  on 
the  Canadian  side. 

It  Is  expected  that  the  Chnadlan  government  will  open  up  an  en- 
tirely new  mall  route  by  way  of  tho  Btlckeen  river  and  Lake  Teslln 
next  year.  For  the  carrying  of  the  mall  by  the  present  agreement,  a 
targe  number  of  trained  dogs  will  be  taken  In  from  tho  Hudson's  Bay 
Company  posts  along  the  Ilackensle  and  at  other  points  In  the  extreme 
north. 

Tho  United  Btateo  has  a  regutar  mall  route  between  Juneau  and 
Circle  City,  by  way  of  Chllkoot  pass,  by  which  only  lettem  and  postal 
cards  are  taken.  This  leaves  Juneau  the  llrst  of  each  month,  the  new 
Canadian  service  leaving  In  tho  middle  of  tho  month.  There  are  at 
present  no  receiving  and  distributing  ofllcea  In  the  Interior  except 
Circle  City  and  Dawson,  but  several  will  no  doubt  soon  bo  ostnbltohed. 


-Ml 


Chapter  II 


Geography,  Climate  and  Resources 


Alaaka'ls  a  vast  wlhlemess.  It  Is  a  great  westward  projection  of 
the  northern  end  of  tho  North  American  continent.  Tho  malntand  to  al- 
moot  square  In  shape,  except  where  It  Is  projected  to  tho  southwest  In 
a  long  peninsula  between  tho  Padfle  ocean  and  Behring  sea,  tho  ponin* 
suta  being  supplemented  by  tho  long  lino  of  Alouttan  totanda.  until  tho 
farthermost  point,  tho  Istand  of  Attn,  tho  extreme  western  limit  of  tho 
United  lutes,  to  MOO  mileo  wo<t  of  Sitka.  Even  tho  Hawaltoa  totanda 
do  not  extend  as  far  woot  as  the  llmlto  of  Ataska.  When  tho  sun  gooo 
down  at  Attn  It  hair  already  risen  on  the  eastern  border  of  Maine,  and 
thus  It  never  sots  on  tho  domain  of  tho  United  States. 

Tho  area  of  Ataska,  by  which  name  to  designated  only  that  po^ 
tlon  of  the  country  belonging  to  tho  United  States,  Is  117,701  sqnaro 


ALASKA.  THE  NEW  ELDORADO 


t» 


miles,  of  which  680,107  are  on  the  maloland.  The  Aleutian  islands 
hare  a  total  of  6391  miles,  and  the  great  Alexandrian  archipelago, 
that  mass  of  large  and  small  Islands  twrdering  the  coast  of  B^ntheast- 
em  Alflslta,  has  11,105  square  miles.  The  coast  line  is  a  rerj  tortuous 
one  and  is  deeply  indented  with  inlets,  so  that  the  total  length  of  the 
const  libe  is  16,000  miles,  or  2000  more  miles  than  the  circumference  of 
the  earth.  It  was  these  long  Inlets  and  the  numerous  large  islands 
fringing  the  coast,  that  led  the  «arl7  Russian  explorers  and  traders  to 
beliere  that  this  entire  region  was  one  rast  groupe  of  Islands,  of  which 
the  one  they  called  "Aliaslia"  was  the  largest  It  is  chiefly  upon  the 
islands  and  the  adjacent  mainland  that  settlements  have  been  made 
up  to  the  present  time,  the  rast  inferior  haring  remained  almost  un- 
known until  the  magic  power  of  gold  began  to  transform  it  into  a 
IleciAi  for  its  worshippers. 

The  Coast  range  of  mountains  so  familiar  farther,  south  raises  a 
high  and  icy  barrier  between  the  coast  and  the  Interior,  their  summits 
being  but  a  few  miles  from  the  sea,  terminating  at  the  angle  where  the 
coast  line  turns  westward,  in  a  series  of  Alpine  peaks,  of  which  St. 
Ellas  Is  the  best  known,  though  Mount  Logan,  just  to  the  north  of  It,  Is 
said  by  >Schwatka,  who  made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  ascend  St. 
Ellas,  to  be  a  few  hundred  feet  higher.  St  Ellas  was  ascended  the 
past  summer  by  Prince  Lulgl  and  a  party  of  Italian  alpineers,  guided 
by  Americans,  and  Its  height  was  ascertained  to  be  18,100  feet.  On 
the  coast  south  of  St.  Ellas  and  Logan  are  the  Fairweather  Alps,  con- 
sisting of  four  peaks  from  10,000  to  16,000  feet  high.  Wraugel,  another 
high  peak,  said  to  hare  an  altitude  exceeding  S0,000  feet,  lies  farther 
Into  the  Interior,  to  the  northwest  of  St.  Ellas  and  In  the  Chopper  rirer 
region.  Farther  to  the  south,  on  an  Island  opposite  Sitka,  is  Mount 
Edgecumb,  one  of  the  earliest  landmarks  named  by  explorers  and 
originally  called  San  Jacinto  by  the  Spanish  explorers. 

In  this  Alpine  region  there  are  a  multitude  of  tremendous  glaciers, 
some  of  them  terminating  at  the  water's  edge  and  constnntly  dropping 
their  froien  offerings  into  the  sea.  The  best  k«*9wn  of  these  are  the 
Muir  and  Daridson  glaciers,  because  these  are  Tisited  by  the  tourist 
steamers.  Glacier  bay,  the  terminal  of  the  tourist  route.  Is  a  long  arm 
of  the  sea  extending  far  inland  Immediately  east  of  the  Fairweather 
Alps.  At  the  head  of  Mulr  inlet  lies  the  tremendoua  Muir  glacier,  Ita 
green  wall  of  Ice  rising  like  a  rock  cliff  abruptly  from  the  water  and 
far  aboT*  the  deck  of  the  ressel  that  rentures  near  Its  base.  This 
'  rirer  of  lee  flows  steadily  downward,  Ita  prograsa  being  marked  by  the 
huge  icebergs  that  break  from  It  with  the  detonation  of  artillery  and 
plungo  Into  the  sea,  throwing  the  water  high  Into  the  air.  These  great 
let  masaea  float  about  the  bay  and  out  Into  tho  oeean  until  gradually 
melted,  and  the  steamer  that  taken  pleasvrt-aeekera  to  the  foot  of  this 
grsat  moTing  wall  of  lea  muat  thread  Ita  way  earafuUy  among  theoa 
floatlat  lalanda.  Olader  bay  la  the  ttrailnna  of  tka  tmiriat  rauta  to 
Alaska,  which  Ilea  contlttooiMly  alonf  the  ahaltarad  Inaar  paasagas  bf 
twaaa  tka  lalanda  aod  oMtaiaid.  Uka  the  MTtgatloa  •(  ai  Inland  lakt, 


fli 


11 


'■• 


I 


f! 


\  : 


.  I 


■■  I 


'..    ■        .     ■     -^^        ■     •■  ■'  ■      ■    ■         ■■■.■      '■'/'-■      '  '-■ 
M  AliASKA,  THB  KWW  SLDOIUZX) 

and  111  eoMtoBt  ?leir  «f  MNiie  of  tL«  pmndttt  actMry  th*  world 


Under  the  Inflneiiee  of  tlM  J«poB  cnmnt  and  protectod  aonawhat 
by  tbo  coast  noonntalna,  tbo  lalanda  and  tho  nano^  atrip  on  tbo  main- 
land betwooh  the  monntalna  and  tbo  aaa  baTO  a  mneb  mlldar  cUmato 
tban  tba  bleak  Ulterior.  Tbo  ralnfaU  la  beavy  and  timber  and  graaa 
grow  loxnrlantly.  In  tbo  Interior  timber  growa  to  mucb  amaller  also 
and  only  near  tbo  lakes  and  wator  couneo,  wblle  tbo  dlmato  la  far 
more  serere. 

Alaska  la  dlrlded  almost  In  tbo  middle  by  tbo  groat  Yukon  rlTor, 
flowing  from  tbo  eastern  border,  wltb  a  great  sweep  to  tbo  nor^Ji  as 
far  as  tbe  Arctic  circle,  and  tben  to  tbo  sontbwest,  Into  Bebrlng  sea  at 
Norton  sonnd.  It  Is  one  of  tbe  great  rlTors  of  tbe  world,  being  S200 
miles  long,  and  for  a  long  distance  aboTo  Its  montb  extremely  wide.  Its 
delta  being  60  miles  wide,  and  at  places  bundreds  of  mlAs  Inland  It 
broadens  oat  to  a  wldtb  of  10  miles,  and  yet  It  Is  nsTlgable.  Tbe  rlTor 
and  Its  numerous  U&rge  tributaries  bare  a  total  lengtb  for  llgbt  draft 
rirer  steemers  of  sn  unknown  length,  tbrougb  probably  not  leas  than 
4000  miles.  Tbe  Yukon  beads  In  Northwest  Territory,  Canada,  Ita  Chief 
sources  being  the  Pelly  rirer,  flowing  weet  from  the  Bocky  mountains, 
and  the  Lewis  rirer,  flowing  north  from  the  lakes  near  the  coast  east 
of  Juneau.  Tbo  Junction  of  these  two  rirers  forms  the  Yukon  pnn^, 
204«  miles  from  the  sea,  the  Pelly  b<i!ng  600  miles  long  and  the  Lewis 
and  connecting  lakes  S67.  Taking  the  Felly  as  the  main  stream  the 
total  length  of  the  Yukon  would  exceed  S200  miles.  The  drainage  area 
is  more  than  600,000  square  miles.  The  Yukon  is  not  the  only  Isrge  rirer 
of  Aloska.  Parallel  to  it  for  hundreds  of  miles  on  the  south,  and  also 
entering  Behriog  sea,  is  the  great  Kuskoqulm  rirer,  also  narigable. 
Flowing  Into  Kotsbue  sound,  north  of  Behrlng  strait,  are  the  Nowak 
and  Noatak  rirers,  while  serersl  rivers  of  unknor;  i  length  flow  Into 
the  Arctic  ocesn,  one  of  them  said  to  be  of  great  sise.  A  number  of 
rirers  flow  south wsrd  into  the  Pacific,  the  longest  of  which  are  Copper 
rirer  near  Prince  William  sound,  snd  White  rirer,  between  Bt.  Bliaa 
and  Fairweatber,  both  narigabito  for  some  distance.  Flowing  west- 
ward  into  the  channels  along  the  Alexandrian  arcuipelago  are  tbe 
Taku  and  the  Stlckeen,  both  navigable.  The  last  four  rirers  are  all 
possible  routes  into  the  Interior. 

The  interior  of  Alaska  is  a  region  of  rolling  tabls  land,  monntalna 
and  ralleys,  where  grass  grows,  flowers  bloom  In  luxuriance,  moss 
abounds,  and  birds  sing  by  the  thousands  in  summer  time,  while  In  tbe 
winter  a  mantle  of  snow  covers  the  entire  country  and  tbo  streama  and 
lakes  are  locked  wltb  Ice.  The  scene  of  wonderful  beauty  which  en- 
chants the  traveler'a  eye  In  the  summer,  aa  ho  la  borne  on  the  boaom 
of  tbo  mighty  river  by  tbo  throbbing  steamboat,  la  transformed  In  a 
few  weeks  Into  a  vast  wilderness  of  white,  upon  which  tbo  sun,  bang- 
ing low  along  tbe  southern  borison  or  dipping  entirely  below  It,,  soems 
reluctant  to  gase. 


i 


ALASKA,  THE  NEW  ELDORADO 


11 


■h^'r 


rv^: 


'    *  I 


THE  CLIMATE. 

No  more  reliable  or  succinct  statement  of  the  climate  of  tliiB  TaMous 
districts  of  Alaska  can  be  found  than  the  special  bulletin  is8\ied  bj 
WlUls  L.  Moore,  chief  of  the  weather  bweau,  of  the  department  of 
agricnlture.   It  la  as  follows: 

The  general  conception  of  Alaskan  climate  Is  largely  due  to  those 
who  follow  the  sea,  and  this  Is  not  stiinge  when  we  consider  the  rast 
extent  of  shore  line  (oyer  29.000  miles)  possessed  hj  that  terrltorj. 
The  climates  of  the  coast  and  the  Interior  are  nnlike  In  man  j  respects, 
and  the  differences  are  Intensified  In  this  aa  perhaps  In  few  other 
countries  by  exceptional  physical  conditions.  The  natural  contrast 
between  land  and  sea  Is  here  tremendously  Increased  by  the  current 
of  warm  water  that  Impinges  on  the  coast  of  British  Columbia,  one 
branch  flowing  northward  toward  Sitka,  and  thence  westward  to  the 
Kadlak  and  Shumagln  Islands.  The  fringe  of  Islands  that  separates 
the  mainland  from  the  Pacific  ocean  from  Dixon  sound  northward,  and 
also  a  strip  of  the  mainland  for  possibly  10  miles  back  from  the  sea, 
following  the  sweep  of  the  coast  as  It  curres  to  the  northwestward  to 
the  westward  extremity  of  Alaska,  form  a  distinct  climatic  diTlsion 
which  may  be  termed  temperate  Alaska. 

The  temperature  rarely  falls  to  aero;  winter  does  not  set  In  until 
about  December  1,  and  by  the  last  of  May  the  snow  has  disappeared, 
except  on  the  mountains.  The  mean  winter  temperature  of  Bitka  Is 
U.5  degrees,  but  little  less  than  that  of  Washington,  D.  C.  While  Sitka 
Is  fully  exposed  to  the  sea  Influences,  places  farther  Inland,  but  not 
orer  the  coast  range  of  mountains,  aa  KllUsnoo  and  Juneau,  hare  also 
a  mild  temperature  throughout  the  winter  months.  The  temperature 
changes  from  month  to  month  in  temperate  Alaaka  are  email,  not  ex* 
ceedlng  SB  degree*  from  midwinter  to  midsummer.  The  STerage  tem« 
perture  of  July,  the  warmest  month  of  summer,  rarely  reaches  U 
degrees,  and  the  highest  temperature  for  a  single  day  aeldom  reaches 
n  degrees. 

The  rainfall  of  temperate  Alaska  Is  notorious  the  world  orer,  not 
only  as  regards  the  quantity  that  falls,  but  also  as  to  the  manner  of  Its 
falling,  rim:  In  long  and  Incessant  rains  and  drtules.  Cloud  and  fog 
naturally  abound,  there  being  on  an  aTerage  but  M  clear  days  In  the 


Alaska  la  a  land  of  striking  contraats,  both  In  climate  as  well  aa 
topography.  When  the  sun  shines,  the  atmosphere  Is  remarkably  clear, 
the  scenic  effects  are  magnificent,  all  natnce  aeems  to  be  In  holiday 
attir*.  But  the  scene  may  change  rery  quickly;  the  sky  becomes  over* 
caat;  the  winds  Increase  In  force;  rain  beglna  to  fall;  the  efrergrseai 
•Igh  onlnooaly.  and  utter  deeolatlon  and  loneliness  proTalL 

North  of  the  AlMtlra  Islands  tho  coaat  ellmnto  beoomes  Bora  rig* 
ofona  in  winter,  b«t  la  anmoMr  the  dlffersneo  la  aiMh  lesa  marked. 
Thoa,  at  m.  11  lehaela,  a  abort  dlstaaeo  abort  Itao  BMvth  of  the  Takoa. 
the  BMaa  i«M«ir  toiiwraftt  f«  M  asgnsi,  bat  4  iigtiii  OMlor  ttaaa 
Mtka.   TiM  Bieaa  aamaior  ttaiperataio  aC  Falat  Banaw,  tka  BMit 


!; 


I 


AI.A8IU,  TBI  NBW  BUMBAOO 


Uilt 

■  ;i 


ill 


'I  I 


f  ■. 


northerlj  point  In  tht  United  BUttm,  la  tfJ  dcgnM,  but  fooMentlit  of 
a  degice  leaa  than  tho  teniperatwa  <tf  the  air  flowtnf  acraaa  the  annmlt 
of  Plke'a  peak,  Colorado. 

The  rainfall  of  the  coaat  region  north  of  the  Tnkon  ddtn  I*  email, 
diminishing  to  liesa  than  10  Inches  within  the  Aretle  drde. 

The  climate  of  the  Interior,  lnclnd-.ng  In  that  designation  practi- 
cally all  of  the  country  except  a  narrow  fringe  of  coastal  margtai  and 
the  territory  befwe  referred  to  as  temperate  Alaska,  Is  one  of  ex- 
treme  rigor  In  winter,  with  a  brief  but  relatlTOly  hot  summer,  especi- 
ally when  the  sky  Is  free  from  cloud. 

In  the  Klondike  region  In  midwinter  the  sun  rlsea  fkom  $'M  to  10 
A.  If.  and  sets  from  2  to  S  P.  U.,  the  total  length  cf  daylight  being 
about  four  hours.  Bemembering  that  the  sun  rises  but  a  few  degrees 
above  the  horlcon,  and  that  It  Is  woolly  obscured  on  a  great  many 
days,  the  character  of  the  winter  months  may  easily  bis  Imagined. 

We  are  Indebted  to  the  United  States  coast  and  geodetic  surrey 
for  a  series  of  six  months*  observations  on  the  Yukon,  not  far  from  the 
site  of  the  present  gold  discoverlee.  The  obserrations  were  made  ^nth 
standard  Instruments,  and  are  wholly  reliable.  The  mean  tempera- 
tures of  the  months  October,  1888,  to  April,  1880,  both  InduslTe,  are 
as  follows:  October,  S3  degrees  above  tero;  November,  8  degrees 
above  lero;  December,  11  degrees  below  sero;  January,  17  degrees 
below  sero;  February,  16  degrees  below  sero;  Ifsrch,  0  degrees  above 
sero;  April,  28  degrees  above  sero.  The  dally  mean  temperature  fell 
and  remained  below  the  freesing  point  (82  degrees)  from  November  4, 
1888,  to  April  21, 1880,  thus  giving  168  days  as  the  length  of  the  closed 
season,  1888-80,  assuming  that  outdoor  operations  are  controlled  by 
temperature  only,  being  suspended  when  the  dally  mean  falls  to  or 
below  the  freesing. point. 

The  lowest  temperatures  registered  during  the  winter  were: 

Thirty-two  degrees  below  in  November;  47  degrees  below  sero 
In  December;  68  degrees  below  sero  In  January;  6S  degrees  below  sero 
In  February;  46  degrees  below  sero  In  Hsrch;  26  degrees  below  sero 
in  April. 

The  greatest  continuous  cold  occurred  In  February.  1880,  when  the 
daily  mean  for  five  consecutive  days  was  47  degrees  below  sero.  The 
weather  moderated  slightly  the  first  of  March,  but  the  temperature 
still  remained  below  the  freesing  point  Generally,  cloudy  weather 
prevailed,  there  being  but  three  consecutive  dsys  in  any  month  with 
clear  weather  during  the  whole  winter.  Snow  fell  on  about  one-third 
of  the  days  In  winter  .and  a  less  number  In  the  early  spring  and  late 
fall  months. 

Orester  cold  than  that  here  noted  has  been  experienced  In  the 
United  Statea  for  a  very  short  time,  but  never  haa  It  continued  so  very 
cold  for  so  long  a  time.  In  the  Interior  of  AUska  the  winter  sets  In  as 
early  as  September,  when  snow  storms  may  be  expected  In  the  moun- 
tains and  passes.  Headway  during  one  of  these  storms  Is  Impossible, 
and  the  traveler  who  Is  overtaken  by  them  Is  Indeed  fortunate  If  he 


.' 


« 


ALASKA,  TEE  NEW  ELDORADO 


IS 


escmpet  with  his  life.   Snow  ■torms  of  great  sererlty  may  occar  in  any 
month  from  September  to  May  inelaaiTe. 

The  changes  of  temperature  from  winter  to  summer  are  rapid, 
owing  to  the  great  increase  in  the  length  of  the  day.  In  May  the  son 
rises  at  ahont  t  A.  M.  and  sets  abont  t  P.  M.  In  June  it  rises  about 
1:30  in  the  morning  and  sets  at  10:S0  P.  M.,  girlng  about  20  hours  of 
daylight  and  diffuse  twilight  the  remainder  of  the  time. 

The  mean  summer  temperature  of  the  interior  doubtless  ranges 
between  60  to  70  degrees,  according  to  the  eleTation,  being  highest  in 
the  middle  and  lower  Yukon  TsUeys. 

• 
RBS0UR€E8  AND  DEVELOPMENT. 

WhenAlaskawaspurchased  not  ersn  the  statesman  who  negotiated 
the  treaty  and  bore  patiently  the  sarcasm  of  his  countrymen,  realized- 
the  Talue  of  Ihe  acquisition.  He  knew  that  there  were  resources  of 
timber,  fish,  furs  and  minerals  of  great  Talue,  but  died  before  their 
partial  dereloptaent  prored  them  to  be  so  far  beyond  his  greatest  ex* 
pectations.  In  addition  to  the  gold  mines,  the  chief  resources  are  as 
follows: 

The  humid  climate  of  the  coast  district  of  Southeast  Alaska  pro* 
motes  a  strong  growth  of  timber  on  the  Islands  and  a  narrow  strip 
along  the  mainland.  Spruce,  hemlock  and  red  and  yellow  cedar  are 
the  leading  rarietlcs,  the  trees  growing  to  Tery  large  sise.  The  yeUow 
cedar  is  especially  raluable  for  furniture  and  flnisblng.  Along  the 
coast  west  of  Sitka  the  timber  is  smaller  and  less  Tsluable.  In  the  In* 
terior  the  timber  near  the  mouth  of  the  Yukon  and  other  streams  Is  of 
a  fair  slse,  but  diminishes  as  distance  le  gained  inland.  It  Is  chiefly 
spruce,  Cottonwood,  alder  and  willow  that  grows  along  the  water 
courses  and  lakes.  Fir  timber  of  good  sice  is  also  found  to  a  consid* 
erable  extent.  Little  use  has  yet  been  made  of  the  timber,  except  for 
local  purposes  along  the  coast,  but  the  demand  in  the  mining  districts 
has  become  so  great  that  seyeral  small  sawmills  hare  been  sent  up 
there  this  year,  yet  doubtless  much  lumber  for  use  there  will  continue 
to  be  sent  from  Portland  and  other  points  on  the  lower  coast 

Goal  has  been  found  In  scTeral  places,  but  coal  measures  hate  not 
yet  been  opened  up.  The  most  promising  reins  yet  found  are  near 
KiUisnoov  or  Chlcksgoff  Island.  Other  discoTeries  are  on  Unga  island, 
Oook  inlet,  Lituga  bay  and  Chllkat  rirer,  the  most  extensire  being  on 
Oook  inlet  The  coal  is  bituminous  and  of  a  good  quality.  On  the  side 
of  Behring  sea  coal  has  been  found  on  Berendeen  bay,  and  some  of  it 
has  been  shipped  by  the  Alaskan  Commercial  Ckmipany  to  Unalaska 
and  found  to  be  of  excellent  quality.  At  Cape  Sabine,  on  the  Arctic, 
coal  has  been  found  and  both  tho  Thetis  and  Corwln,  goTemment  too* 
sela,  hare  mined  coal,  there  for  their  own  use.  Coal  now  used  In 
Alaska  Is  brought  fiom  British  Columbia  and  Puget  sound.  Petroleom 
has  been  found  !■  a  Bomber  of  placeo,  b«t  bo  detelopaMBts  haTt  been 


I 


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i 


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Tha  flsberlca  hart  atroady  aaavmad  largo  pcoportloBS  aad  pronlsa 


.  * 


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ALASKA.  THB  KBW  BLOOBAOO 


TTMtlj  to  incijMw.  The  United  StatM  tMh  oommlMlma  Iim  nportod 
100  TarletlM  of  flab  la  Alaskap  wateqi,  th*  moat  ImporUat  of  whlek  to 
tlio  Mlmoa.  Tbo  king  mIommi,  nracli  like  the  chlnook  ot  tlie  Oolombla 
rlrer,  to  from  20  to  60  pound*  In  welglit,  sometlmee  100  pounds,  and 
tke  allTMT  aalmou.  •  to  16  poiinda.  The  salmon  swarm  In  all  the  rlTors, 
and  canneries  are  tocated  In  manj  ptoces,  Kadtok  totond  belnt  the  aeat 
of  the  greatest  Industry.  The  canneries  all  Ixrtong  to  a  combine,  ex- 
cept those  In  the  extreme  south.  The  Atoskan  output  of  canned 
salmon  to  shout  600,000  cases  annually. 

Ood  abound  along  the  coast,  a  numbsr  of  line  banka  haTlng  been 
located.  Several  flrma  are  engaged  In  catching  and  shipping  codfish. 
Halibut  to  also  caught  In  torge  quantities  and  marketed  fresh,  dried 
and  amoked.  Herring  abound  In  great  schooto  and  are  an  Important 
part  of  the  food  supply  of  the  natlres.  a  fish  of  tho  smelt  rariety, 
called  ooUchon,  or  candte  fish,  enters  the  rivers  In  Immense  numbers. 
They  are  very  oily,  and  when  dried  will  bum  like  a  candle.  The 
natives  express  a  fine  quality  of  oil  from  them,  as  they  also  do  from 
the  herring  and  dogfish. 

The  hair  seal  abounda  In  great  numbers  and  constitutes  an  Im- 
portant  part  of  the  food  supply  of  the  Indlsns.  The  beluga,  or  white 
grampus,  whale  to  also  captured  by  the  natives,  the  skin  being  valua- 
ble  for  ropes,  boats,  etc.  The  walrus  abounds  In  Behring  sea  and  the 
Arctic,  but  to  fast  being  exterminated.  Its  skin  and  tuaka  are  both 
Taluable.  The  bUck  whale  has  been  chased  by  whslers  Into  the  ley 
fastnesses  of  the  Arctic  oo«an,  and  haa  been  almost  exterminated* 
8o  many  whaling  vesseto  are  lost  that  the  government  haa  estebllshed 
«  rescue  station  at  Point  Barrow,  the  most  northerly  point  of  Alaaka. 

An  Impoi-tant  resource  to  the  fur  seal,  which  resorte  each  summer 
In  Immense  numbers  to  the  Prlbalof,  or  Seal  Islands,  In  Behring  sea, 
for  breeding  purposes.  The  government  has  a  contract  with  a  com- 
pany,  by  which  only  100,000  seato  may  be  killed  on  these  islands  an* 
nually,  and  less  If  the  secretory  of  the  tressury  so  directs,  while  all 
«thers  are  prohibited  from  killing  seato  at  all,  except  In  the  open  sea 
beyond  the  Jurisdiction  of  the  government,  which,  by  arbitration  agree* 
ment,  •'Xtends  60  miles  around  the  Islands.  A  torge  fieet  of  vesseto 
follows  up  the  herd  from  aa  far  doxh.''  ^  the  coast  of  CaUfomto  every 
spring,  and  kills  msny  thousanda  of  tbism,  while  during  the  summer 
they  hover  about  the  Islands  and  klU  msny  more.  The  complete  ex* 
termination  of  the  fur  seals  Is  threAter<>«1,  unless  better  International 
regulations  for  their  protection  are  agreed  upon. 

Another  valuable  ampblbloiis  animal  Is  the  sea  otter,  found  In  the 
ocean  along  the  entire  coast  By  no  meana  so  plentiful  aa  the  seal.  It 
to  far  more  valuable,  Individually,  a  single  skin  often  being  worth  $160. 
They  have  several  times  been  supposed  to  have  been  exterminated, 
but  In  a  few  years  have  reappeared  again.  The  tond  otter,  a  far  less 
valuable  animal,  to  the  meet  abundant  of  all  fur-bearing  animals  In 
Alaska,  except  the  fox.  The  beaver,  once  abuf«dant,  has  now  become 
quite  scarce  and  Its  fur  Is  not  In  so  much  demand  as  60  years  ago.' 


il 

» 


t 
I 

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f 

3 


Dock  Scene  Before  Sailim  of  an  Alaska  Steamer. 


■HiH 


>.i; 


III 


4f!l 


At* .' . 


,1 . ' 


■y»? 


••     5 


^v.*" 


;>> 


'III! 


'I  I 


;!m 


ALASKA,  THE  NEW  ELDORADO 


Of  the  bear  family  there  are  aeTeral  rarle^lea,  the  brown  bear  be* 
\ng  the  moat  widely  dlatrlbnted.  They  are  fierce  flghtera  and  are  not 
hunted  much,  aa  their  aklna  are  not  rery  Taluable.  The  black  bear  It 
found  In  the  timbered  reglona  and  mountalna.  Hla  akin  la  raluable 
and  he  la  leaa  dangeroua  to  hnntera.  The  white,  or  polar,  bear  la 
found  along  the  Arctic  coaat.  Bereral  rarietlea  of  t'oxea  contribute 
much  to  the  fur  market,,  the  moat  nnmeroua  and  moat  widely  dla- 
tributed  being  the  red  fox,  though  the  leaat  valuable.  The  black  or 
allrer  fox  la  the  one  moat  highly  priaed  for  hla  fur.  He  dttalna  a  large 
alje  and  hla  habitat  la  the  mountalna  of  the  Interior.  He  rarira  In 
color  from  allrer  to  Jet  black.  The  blue  fox  la  p  highly-prlaed  Tnriety. 
found  on  the  Aleutian  lalanda,  where  he  la  propagated  for  hla  fur. 
Tlie  allTer  fox  la  extremely  TaluaMe,  and  la  found  In  the  Yukon  roglon. 
The  white  ^ox  la  found  along  the  coaat  of  Behring  aea  and  the  Arctic 
The  croaa  fox  la  a  mixture  of  the  red  and  othera. 

The  mink  abonnda  along  the  rtrera  of  the  Interior  and  on  the 
coaat  In  the  foreat-coTered  mountalna  the  lynx  and  gray  and  white 
wolTca  are  plentiful.  WolTerinea  are  found  In  the  lake  and  Yukon 
reglona.    Muakrata,  rabblta  and  riannota  are  abundant  ererywhere. 

Deer  abound,  eapeclally  In  Boutheaatem  Alaaka,  but  they  hare 
been  ao  ruthleaaly  alaughter^  for  their  hidea  that  they  are  In  danger 
of  belpir  exterminated.  Ir  the  Yukon  country  mooae,  cariboo  and  deer 
are  found  of  large  alae.  In  the  Alpine  reglona  of  the  coaat  mountalna 
the  maaama,  or  American  chamolae,  and  mountain  aheep  are  found. 

In  the  aummer  of  1811  Minor  W.  Bruce,  acting  aa  an  agent  of  the 
goremment.  Imported  ITO  reindeer  from  Siberia  and  e«tabll8hed  a 
breeding  atatlon  at  Port  Clarence,  near  Behring  atralt  The  purpoae  of 
thia  waa  to  aupply  a  reaerre  of  food  for  the  ifiaklmoa,  who  were 
threatened  with  atarratlon  la  the  winter  time,  owing  to  the  extermina- 
tion of  the  walrua,  wild  reindeer  and  whale,  their  chief  food  aupply. 
Thla  herd,  by  natural  Increaae  and  new  Importatlona,  haa  awelled  to 
1100  anlmala,  other  atatlona  ha  ring  been  eatabllahed  at  Point  Barrow. 
Cape  Nome  and  Oalorln  bay.  Dr.  Sheldon  Jaekaon,  a  well  known 
Alaaka  mlaalouary,  waa  the  promoter  of  thla  reindeer  project.  It  la 
now  propoaed  to  ntlllae  theae  anlmala  for  tranaportatlon  purpoaea  In 
the  Yukon  country  during  the  winter  aeaaon,  both  for  carrying  the 
mall  and  la  hauling  anppllea.  The  rerenue  cutter  Bear  haa  been  di- 
rected to  conrey  twenty  of  them  from  Port  Clarence  to  St  lllchaela 
thla  fall,  and  they  may  play  an  Important  part  In  the  work  of  aending 
relief  Into  the  orer-crowded  mln^>a  thla  winter.  The  reindeer  caa  And 
aubalatenc*  by  dlga!ng  roota,  BBoaa  and  graaaea  from  the  froaen  anow. 
and  thua  haa  a  great  adrrntage  orer  both  doga  and  boraea.  bealdea 
being  much  awlfter  of  feet. 

Now  that  AUaka  la  gaining  ao  rapidly  In  popuUllon,  the  qneatloa 
of  agricnltora  la  beconlnf  an  Important  one.  A  gorawawH  commla* 
alMi  haa  bata  appolBtad  t»  lareatlgntr  and  report  npoa  the  agrlenHnral 
peaaibllltlea  af  that  leglea,  aai  thla  taport  wlU  danbtlaiia  be  aabmlttad 
ta  faagrfaa  at  tta  aett  ataalaa.    Bxpertnifat  alatloaa  wlU  probably  ba 


a 

I 

a 


i 

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1 

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51 
i 


mwiHiaii 


-:»•;;•    . 


• .  r. 


tl 


yi\\ 


ALASKA,  TBB  NBW  BLDOBADO 


MUbllslied  M  ft  iMolt  of  this  report.  OondlUoaa  mmi  toTOiftbl*  for 
•uch  eoreftlo  and  regutiiblM  ••  maturt  quickly.  Btoo  In  tlio  Tnkoa 
region  ass^mer  ▼•gvtablea  may  be  grown.  VtM  qneatkm  of  atock-rala- 
Ing  la  alM  an  Important  ouc.  The  lalanda  along  the  coaat  aopply 
abundant  food  for  atock,  but  the  cold  ralna,  aleet  and  raw  wlnda  art 
hard  upon  anlmala,  eapeclally  aheep,  and  little  ascceaa  haa  been  met 
with  thua  far.  It  la  belloTed  that  cattle  may  be  ralaed  In  the  intortor. 
aa  ntitrltlona  graaaea  and  moaiee  abound. 


'i:'t 
II ' 

':ti' 
HI,'; 

'111! 
"'•111 


:  Chapter  III        '      -^ 

■\  .;.  Gold  Discovery  on  theYoukon 

.''''■'•■  The  moat  authentic  datf,  cf  the  dlacoTory  and  working  of  tho 

Yukon  gold  phicera  In  the  Interior  of  Alaaka  la  that  gathered  by  Hanrtd 

A  B.  Goodrich,  of  the  United  Btatea  Geological  Surrey,  whooe  uccoont 

appear*  aa  a  portion  of  the  ofllclal  report  of  J.  B.  Spurr,  who  waa  dlree* 

'  r  (':  '        tor  of  the  expedition  which  recently  retum«d  from  the  Yukon  country. 

According  to  thia  report,  a  Bueolan  exploring  back  of  Sitka  early  In 

the  century  found  seTeral  pl<.>ce*  of  rich  quarta,  but  Baranoff,  the  gOT- 

',''*'',  ';  ,    emor  and  manoger  of  the  fur  company,  did  not  want  any  mining  car> 

ried  on,  and  ordered  the  finder  of  the  ore  to  atop  proepectlng.    Not  until 

HIS  waa  any  proepectlng  done  In  the  Interior.    Following  the  Fraier 

'  _.  ^        rtTer  excitement.  In  IIU,  and  the  opening  of  th«  Oaeelar  minea  ft  little 

I  ';  •,' ,  later,  gold  placera  were  diacovered  and  worked  on  the  Stickeen  river, 
yielding  $10  per  day  to  the  man.  In  IMI  W.  P.  Blake  began  proepect* 
Ing  on  that  atream,  and  after  going  M  milea  up  the  riTor,  came  to 
the  conclusion  that  "there  le  erery  reaeon  to  beUoTe  that  tha  gold  re* 
gton  of  the  Interior  »xtenda  along  th .  mountains  to  the  ihoreo  of  the 
Icy  eea,  and  la  thus  connected  wItL  the  gold  regiona  of  Aeia." 

Soon  afterwarda  the  finding  of  minute  apecka  of  gold  by  aoma  of 
the  Hudson  Bay  Company's  men  on  ttie  Yukon,  in  the  Tlcinity  of  Fort 
Selkirk,  waa  reported,  but  the  metal  was  not  in  quantitiea  suOlelent  to 
warrant  a  rush  to  the  locality.  In  18^9  Ketchum  and  Labarge,  mem- 
here  of  the  Western  Union  teleghiph  expedition,  asconded  the  Yukon 
and  found  evidencee  of  gold  on  the  upper  rlrer.  Theee  were  caaual 
obsenratlooB,  bowvTer,  and  It  was  not  until  1(76  that  aystematle  proa- 
pectiog  for  the  yellow  stuff  was  begun  by  George  Holt.  He  brought 
to  the  coast  glowing  accounts  of  coarse  gold  on  the  upper  L«wia  river. 
Tbo  Indians  murdered  him  later  on. 

Other  reports  of  the  same  kind  staried  ft  rush  for  the  Interior  by 
miners  and  prospectors.  The  only  practicable  routea  lay  orer  the 
passes  iu  the  Coast  range  of  mountains.  There  were  four  of  theaa 
passes,  but  Chllkooi  pass,  though  excesalrely  rough  and  dlSlcult,  waa 


u:\ 


.'! 


^C^ 


i 
9 


ALASKA.  THE  NEW  ELDORADO 


27 


nearly  alwrys  preferred.  From  time  Immemorial  tbe  Indiana  of  tbe 
coaat  bad  maintained  a  monopoly  of  trade  witb  ao  ^'»iled  Stick  Indiana 
of  tbe  Interior.  In  bartering,  tbe  latter  were  permitted  to  come  aa  far 
as  Cbllkoot  pau,  wbere  tbey  were  met  by  tbe  coast  Indians.  Tbe  post* 
tlon  of  tbe  latter  o  Intermediaries  between  tbe  wbltea  and  tbe  Indians 
of  tbe  Interior  waa  Tery  profitable  to  tbem,  and  tbeir  monopoly  delayed 
tbe  derelortt^ent  of  tbe  country  for  aoTeral  yeara.  In  1879,  bowerer, 
tbey  for  tbe  Urst  time  permitted  tbe  wbltea  to  enter,  and  tbe  remoral 
of  tbe  embargo  resulted  In  tbe  dIscoTery  of  gold-bearing  ledges  near 
Taku.  Tbe  Interior  of  Alaska,  wblcb  preTlously  bad  been  terra  ln« 
cognlta,  was  tbua  tbrown  open,  and  from  tbia  time  datea  tbe  derelop- 
ment  of  tbe  gold-mining  Industry. 

In  18S1  four  minera  crossed  tbe  pasa  and  prospected  tbe  Big  Salmon 
rirer.  Tbey  reported  gold  tbe  wbole  lengtb  of  tbat  atream.  In  tbe 
following  year  a  well-organlied  expedition  attempted  to  ptospect  tbe 
Yukon  fnm  tbe  otber  end.  In  Juie  tbe  party,  consisting  of  4B  men 
under  tbe  Icadersblp  of  Edward  and  Eff  Scbleffelln,  bougbt  a  steamer 
and  ascended  tbe  Yuk'/O  as  far  aa  Nuklukayet,  wbere  tbey  wintered. 
Tbey  prospected  mar;y  small  creeks  and  riTsra,  and  found  some  grarel 
hart  tbat  yielded  I'lO  a  day  per  man.  In  tbe  prospect  every  pan  sbowcd 
gold.  But  tbe  conclusion  drawn  was  tbat  tbe  country  would  nerer  pay 
for  mining  operatlona  on  account  of  tbe  aererity  of  tbe  winters  and  tbe 
abortness  of  tbe  open  seaaon.  Tbla  trip  la  Interesting  mainly  because 
It  rerulted  In  tbe  first  report  of  gold  In  United  St#tes  territory,  all  tbe 
former  prospecting  tours  baring  been  In  Britisb  Possessions. 

In  tbe  fall  of  IMS  some  miners  brougbt  Into  Juneau  $1000  of  coarse 
gold,  wblcb  tbey  said  came  from  tbe  Yukon.  Tbla  caused  grea'.  excite* 
ment.  and  In  tbe  following  spring  tbere  was  a  rusb,  orer  100  men  cross* 
Ing  tbe  mountains.  A  couple  of  years  later  tbe  rusb  was  still  continu- 
ing, and  two  men  cleared  up  |1S,000  by  "rocking"  on  a  bar  about  100 
miles  from  tbe  uoutb  of  Stewart  ri?er.  Tbe  locker  Is  tbe  same  tbing 
aa  tbe  Oallfomla  c>'«dle— «  bottomless  box  set  on  roekera  and  diTlded 
Into  tbree  conipartmenta.  Tbe  grarel  la  tbrown  Into  tbe  upptr  com- 
partment and  by  setting  tbe  rocker  In  motion.  Is  sifted  tbrougb  a  rbeet- 
Iron  mesb  Into  tb«  lower  compartment,  In  wblcb  a  dotb  catcbes  the 
finer  sand  and  gold  and  strains  tbe  water.  Tbe  material  tbua  collected 
Is  taken  out  and  panned. 

In  tbla  primltire  way  Stew.irt  rirer  w-is  prospected  for  tOO  miles 
from  Its  moutb.  Tbe  total  gold  k>roduced  by  all  tbe  Yukon  country  In 
tbat  year.  IMt.  was  estimated  at  about  |7l.ri00.  In  tbe  spring  of  lUf 
Oasslar  bar,  10  miles  below  *!ie  mootb  of  Big  Salmon  rirer.  was  dlscor* 
ered,  and  the  yield  was  reported  at  111  a  day  per  man.  tbe  total  output 
of  tbe  plaeers  tbere  being  IM.OOO.  In  the  late  antumo  of  IIM  a  miner 
■aned  Fninklta  had  dlacorefd  gold  nsftr  the  iMuth  of  Shltaado  rirer. 
otherwise  hMw«  as  rorty-Mlle  crsek.  A.  tUmpeda  fMlowad  uad  tba 
esoip  of  Forty-Mlie  waa  foanded. 

!■  thti  lattar  part  of  IMT  rraihlla  gikh  waa  atrvek.  balag  aaaad 
!■  hoMT  of  the  dloeoroior  of  rortjr-llllt.  Thio  locotttf  haa  baoo  a  eon* 
•teat  '*payor^  oror  alMOb    The  ofeuMtor  of  tho  foM  foiuid  IhoM  lo 


r 


I 


' 


!ti.. 

:!!:■ 

■mi 


''5'; 

■if;'' 


n  ALASKA.  THB  NBWCLDOBADO 

nuggvty,  ■>■■—  of  coMUUraM*  alM  btlng  ooaunoo,  Fnuiklla  fvlch 
hat  th«  fam*  of  harlng  prodvcotf  tlM  two  Uurgost  nnggoto  OTor  found  la 
the  TnkMi  regloB,  worth  fSOO  and  |tSf  r9«v«etlT«lj.  The  dlacoTWj  and 
"working  of  thla  gnlch  mark  an  adTanco  from  the  prlmltlTO  bar  work* 
Inff  to  the  gulch  diggings,  In  which  alulco  bozos  ars  uaod  and  tho  cur- 
rent of  a  stream  made  to  perform  moot  of  the  work. 

The  first  estimate  of  the  production  of  the  Yukon  placera  Is  In  the 
report  of  the  director  of  the  mint  for  ISM.  It  states  the  quantity  of 
gold  obtained  at  $60,000,  but  the  figure  Is  much  too  small.  Tlio  estlnoato 
for  that  jear  bj  the  goTomor  of  Alaska  was  $176,000.  The  erent  of 
1891  was  the  dlacoTery  of  Miller's  creek  by  O.  O.  Miller,  a  noted  pros- 
pector In  the  Yukon  country.  This  creek  had  been  prospected  before, 
but  had  been  glTon  up,  because  the  surface  graTel  which  did  not  bear 
gold  was  so  deep.  In  the  first  year  of  actual  work,  howerer,  one  claim 
yielded  $30,000.  In  the  ^  ^  Inff  of  18fS  many  new  claims  were  staked  out 
In  this  locality,  and  80  n  i  out  $100,000.    Since  that  Ume  Miner's 

creek  has  been  the  beavle.  oducer  of  the  Forty-Mile  district,  and 
uutU  recently  of  the  whole  Yukou.  Its  entire  length  lies  In  British  ter- 
ritory. 

In  the  spring  of  188S  the  reported  richness  of  placers  In  the  Interior 
caused  a  rush  of  miners,  over  SOO  men  being  employed  In  the  Forty- 
Mile  district  alone.  In  the  summer  of  that  year  two  Russian  half- 
breeds,  named  Pltka  and  Borresco,  i  sported  gold  on  Birch  creek. 

Bighty  men  went  from  Forty-Mile  to  the  new  district,  which  was 
soon  found  to  be  very  rich.  A  town  was  built  there  called  Olrcle  Olty, 
from  Its  proximity  to  the  Arctic  circle,  and  this  settlement  soon  bscams 
the  moot  Important  :n  the  Interior.  In  the  meantime  the  Koyukuk 
river  was  being  prospected,  and  $80,000  was  taken  from  that  sUeam. 
The  total  amount  produced  by  the  Yukon  placers  In  1884  was  double 
that  of  the  year  before,  the  two  campa  of  Forty-Mile  and  Birch  creek 
getting  out  $408,000.    With  the  gold  from  the  placers  was  some  silver. 

In  1886  the  output  had  doubled  again.  Eagle  creek  was  opened  up, 
ebowing  the  prettieot  gold  thus  fsr  obtained  on  the  Yukon.  A  little 
proepecting  was  done  on  l\>rcupine  creek,  where  a  result  of  10  cents  to 
the  pan  waa  secured.  The  total  output  of  the  Yukon  phicers  that  ysar 
was  $708,000,  Birch  creek  being  the  foremost  producer. 

The  latest  eicltement  begsn  during  ^.he  latter  part  of  August  of 
last  year,  when  It  was  reported  at  Forty-Mile  that  rich  placers  had  bsen 
discovered  on  tho  waters  of  thn  Klondike  river.  Klondike  Is  a  miner's 
corruption  of  the  Indian  name  Throndiuk,  meaning  water  full  of  fish. 
The  stream  has  long  been  a  favorite  fishing  ground  for  the  Indians;  It 
enters  the  Yukon  46  mtlce  below  the  mouth  of  Sixty-Mile,  end  16  mllso 
above  old  Fort  Reliance.  There  was  a  great  stampede  to  the  new 
region,  so  that  In  the  winter  of  1880-87  Forty-Mile  was  almost  deserted, 
and  860  men  were  on  the  Klondike.  The  most  Important  parts  of  this 
district  now  are  on  Bonansa  and  Hunker  creeks.  On  the  former  the 
first  discovery  wss  mads,  $1000  being  taken  out  In  a  few  days.  Since 
tlist  time  400  ctsims  have  been  located,  op  to  January  of  the  preeent 
year  only,  and  half  ss  luauy  on  Hunker  creek. 


'. 


▲I«A8KA,  TBB  NEW  BLDOBADO 


The  expectatoB  !•  that  hjdraiillclBg  will  be  employed  on  a  large 
Male  tome  day  on  the  Yukon  for  mining  the  placers,  bnt  the  method  le 
cootly  and  rcqnlree  much  caidtaL  At  present  the  miner's  Implements 
are  of  the  slmplcet,  consisting  generally  of  a  hand  goMpan,  spade^ 
whipsaw  and  ax.  The  geological  snrrey's  estimate  of  the  yield  of  the 
Ynkon  placers  during  ISN  Is  |1,400,0M.   The  yield  of  1117  Is  Tarioady 


A  Mining  Shsft  on  the  Klondike. 


estimated  as  high  as  |l«.MO,fM.  of  which  some  |t,000,MO  to  |4.M0,«M 
has  alroady  bsen  bronght  ont  of  the  country. 

The  purpose  of  Oeelsgist  ■purr's  expedHloa  was  to  Ind  the  souret 
IMS  ▼hkh  the  gold  of  the  Yukon  placers  was  derived.  This  probism 
was  abislutely  sslTsd  by  the  dtoceirety  «(  a  glgaatto  belt  ef  aurtfweus 
rstfks  at  Isaal  Nt  mllsa  Isng  and  from  M  to  IM  mllso  hi  width.   The 


r 


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ALASKA.  Tam  mmw  bldobado 


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'Htll  I 

It  I . 

it;:; 

'I';,' 

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♦"1.,, 

'■'Hi-, 

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b«lt  lo  quMtlon  pM«M  from  Brltlah  territory  Into  Anwleuk  la  ttao 
neighborhood  of  Forty-Mllo  crook.  It  has  a  northwootorlj  trond.  and 
croMM  tho  Yukon  riror  near  tho  month  of  Porenplno  rivor,  thonco 
trending  etUl  northward  for  an  unknown  distance  Inte  an  onezphwed 
country.  Bpeeka  of  bright  gold  are  seen  occasionally  on  tho  surface  of 
the  rocks,  but  the  bulk  of  the  preclons  metal  Is  disguised  In  the  form 
of  sulphides  and  In  combination  with  Iron  pyrites.  Immense  bodlee  of 
ore  are  In  sight,  of  unknown  thickness. 

The  authorities  of  the  geological  surrey  belloTO  that  the  Alaskan 
gold  deposits  are  destined  to  riral  In  productlTcness  those  of  South 
Africa.  Naturally,  the  miners  have  struck  first  for  the  graTol  depoelts, 
because  they  are  on  the  surface  and  easily  accessible.  During  ages 
past  the  streams  ha?e  worn  away  the  gold-bearing  rocks,  fetching 
down  psrildes  of  the  yellow  metal.  The  latter,  being  heavy,  hare  sunk 
to  the  bottom  and  haTO  remained  while  the  lighter  particles  floated 
away.  Thus  st  length  a  natural  auriferous  concentrate  was  formed, 
and  It  Is  these  deposits  that  the  miners  hsTO  been  worklug.  At  a  future 
day,  provided  with  the  proper  machinery  and  the  necessary  capital, 
they  will  attack  the  Tlrgln  rocka  from  which  the  metal  of  the  grarels 
Is  derlTcd,  and  then  the  Yukon  ralley  will  become  In  all  probability  the 
greatest  gold-producing  region  of  the  world. 

A  report  of  the  gold  dlscoreries  and  the  character  and  extent  of  the 
new  gold  fields  was  made  to  the  Canadian  gOTemment  thla  year  by 
William  Ogllrie,  who  has  been  In  that  region  for  several  years  as  chief 
of  the  Canadian  International  boundary  survey.   In  his  reiwrt  he  Says: 

"Klondike  Is  a  mispronunciation  of  the  Indian  word  Throndak,' 
or  Thronduick,'  which  means  'plenty  of  fish.'  The  discovery  of  gold  In 
branches  of  this  stream,  I  believe,  was  due  to  the  reporte  of  Indians. 
A  white  man  named  J.  A.  Carmlch,  who  worked  with  me  In  1U7,  was 
the  first  to  take  advantagf  of  the  rumor,  and  located  a  claim  In  the 
first  branch,  which  was  named  by  the  miners  Bonansa  creek.  Carmlch 
reached  his  claim  In  August.  He  hsd  to  cut  some  logs  and  get  pro> 
visions  to  enable  him  to  begin  work  on  his  claim.  Hs  returned  with  a 
few  weeks*  provisions  for  himself,  wife  and  brother-in-law  (Indians), 
In  the  Isat  of  August,  snd  Immediately  set  about  working  his  claim. 
The  gravel  Itself  be  had  to  carry  In  a  box  on  his  back  from  SO  to  100 
feet.  Notwithstanding  this,  three  men  working  very  Irregularly  washed 
out  $14,200  In  eight  days,  and  Carmlch  asserts  that  had  he  proper  tacll* 
Itles  he  could  have  done  It  In  two  days. 

"A  branch  of  the  Bonansa  named  Eldorado  has  prospected  mag- 
nificently, and  another  branch  named  Tilly  creek  has  prospected  weU. 
There  sre  about  170  claims  staked  In  the  main  creek  and  the  branches 
are  good  for  as  many  more,  aggregating  about  160  good  claims, 
which  will  require  over  a  thousand  meu  to  work  properly.  A  few  milea 
further  up,  Bnir  creek  enters  the  Klondike,  and  It  has  been  proopecteu 
and  located  on.  About  II  miles  abovs  the  mouth  of  Bear  creek.  Gold 
Bottom  creek  Joins  the  Klondike,  and  on  a  branch  of  It  named  Hunker 
creek,  very  rich  ground  has  been  found.    On  Gold  Bottom  ersek  and 


ALASKA,  THE  NEW  ELDORADO 


SI 


branches  there  trill  probably  be  two  or  three  hnndred  clalma.  The 
Indians  hare  reached  another  claim  much  farther  ap  which  they  call 
Too  Mnch  Gold  creek,  on  which  the  gold  Is  so  plentiful  the  minen  saj- 
In  Joke,  'You  hare  to  mix  grarel  with  It  to  sluice  It.*  Up  to  date  noth- 
ing definite  has  been  heard  from  this  creek. 

"From  all  this  we  think  we  hare  here  a  district  which  will  give 
1000  claims  of  400  feet  In  length  each.  Now  1000  such  claims  will 
require  at  least  tOOO  men  to  work  them  properly,  and  as  wages  for 
working  In  the  mines  are  from  |8  to  |10  per  da^,  we  have  every  reason 
to  assume  that  this  particular  territory  will  In  a  year  or  two  contain 
10,000  souls  at  least,  for  the  news  has  gone  out  to  the  East,  and  an 
unprecedented  Influx  Is  anticipated  next  spring. 

"And  this  Is  not  all,  for  a  large  creek  called  Indian  creek  Joins 
the  Yukon  midway  between  Klondike  and  Stewart  rlrera,  and  all  along 
this  creek  good  pay  dirt  may  be  found.  All  that  stood  In  the  way  of 
working  heretofore  has  been  the  scarcity  of  prorlslons  and  the  dlfll- 
culty  of  getting  them  up  there.  Indian  creek  Is  quite  a  large  stream, 
and  It  Is  probable  It  wlU  yield  ^  or  600  claims.** 

"Further  south  yet  lie  the  ends  of  sereral  branches  of  Stewart 
rlT«;r,  on  which  some  prospecting  has  been  done  and  good  Indications 
found,  but  the  want  of  proTlslons  preTented  derelopment  Now  gold 
has  been  found  In  sereral  of  the  streams  Joining  Pelly  rlrer,  and  also 
along  the  Hootallnqua.  In  the  line  of  these  finds  furthar  south  are  the 
Casstar  gold  fields  In  British  Columbia,  so  the  presumption  Is  that  we 
hare  In  our  territory  along  the  easterly  branches  of  the  Yukon  a  gold- 
bearing  belt  of  Indefinite  width  and  upward  of  IOC  milea  long,  exeluslre 
of  the  British  Columbia  part  Qnarta  of  good  quality  la  reported  In  the 
hUls  around  Bonansa  creek,  but  of  this  I  wlU  be  able  to  speak  more 
fully  after  my  proposed  surrey. 

"It  Is  pretty  certain  from  Information  I  bare  got  from  prospectora 
that  all  or  nearly  all  of  the  northerly  branch  of  White  rtrer  la  on  our 
aide  of  the  line,  and  ocqpper  k  found  on  It  I  bare  also  seen  a  specimen 
of  sIlTsr  ore  said  to  hare  been  picked  up  In  a  creek  flowing  Into  Ben- 
nett lake,  about  14  miles  down  It  on  the  eastern  side. 

"When  It  waa  fairly  established  that  Bonania  ereek  waa  rich  In 
gold  there  was  a  rush  from  Forty-Mile.  The  town  was  almost  deserted, 
lien  who  had  been  In  a  chronle  state  of  dmnkennesa  for  weeks  were 
pressed  Into  boata  aa  ballaat  and  taken  np  to  stake  IhemselTco  a  claim, 
•nl  dalna  were  staked  by  aen  for  their  friends  who  were  not  In  the 
country  at  tko  tlBO.** 


: 


'^J  -r 


*  '-> 


't\ 


>: 

e 


Chapter  IV 

General  Conditions  in  the  Gold  Fields 


Jomvk  LadMk  tk*'foiiad«r  of  Dawmb  Olty,  bi  ui  iBtMrvtoir  pab> 
Uibcd  la  th«  B«ptMnlMr  nnmber  nl  MeOliin^t  Ifaiil—,  VMk>  m 
follows  of  eundltlou  la  that  nglMi  aad  of  ailatag  BMthoda: 

'^Working  a  dalm  caa  go  oa  at  all  Maaoao  of  tlio  jmr,  and  put  of 
tlio  proccoa  Is  beat  la  wlater,  bat  proopcctlag  la  good  miIj  la  nuaiaar, 
whta  tbo  water  la  flowlag  aad  tho  grooad  looao.  That  la  aaothor  raa- 
aoB  why  It  la  vaelcaa  for  aew  baada  to  go  la  bow.  Thoy  caaaot  do  any- 
thlag  except  work  for  othera  till  aprlag.  Thea  they  caa  proapect  with 
water  flowlag  aad  the  grouad  aoft  If  they  atrlko  It  they  caa  atako 
out  their  claim,  clear  a  patch  of  treea,  uaderbmah,  aad  atoaea,  aad 
work  the  aurface  till  wloter  seta  la.  Wo  qolt  the  'paa'  or  'haad* 
method  thea.  Hie  Yocker*  la  almoat  aerer  oaed  except  la  'aolplag/ 
which  la  a  light  aorface  aearcb  oa  uaclalmed  laod  or  oa  a  claim  that 
la  Bot  belag  worked  for  eaongh  to  pay  expenieo  or  to  ralae  a  'grab* 
atake.'  Aa  aooa  aa  the  water  freeiea  ao  that  it  woo't  flow  lo  oa  a 
mao,  we  begla  to  dig  to  the  bedrock,  aometlmes  forty  foet  dowa.  Tho 
grouod  la  f rosea,  too^  la  wloter,  of  course,  bat  by  'burolog*  it,  aa  wo 
.  aay,  we  caa  aoftea  It  eaough  to  let  pick  aad  ahorel  la.  All  the  dirt  la 
piled  oa  ooe  side,  aad  whea  s'lriag  opeas  agaia,  rdeaaing  the  water, 
we  put  up  our  slulcea  aad  wasi  It  all  aummer  or  till  we  hsTO  eaough. 
There  haa  aot  beeo  aay  quarti  mlalag  yet  oa  the  Yukoa,  but  back  of 
the  placers,  la  tho  hlUa  whicb  hsTO  aot  beea  proapected,  the  wlglaal 
ledges  must  be  holdlag  good  tblags  for  the  capitalist 

"Life  oa  the  Kloodike  Is  pretty  qalet.  If  est  of  ths  mca  there  aro 
hard  workers;  but  the  climate,  with  the  loag  wlater  alghts,  forces  us 
to  be  idle  a  great  deal,  aad  miuers  are  miaers,  of  course.  Aad  there 
is  Tcry  little  gOTerameat.  The  poiat  is,  howeter,  that  such  goreni- 
meat  aa  there  is,  is  good.  I  llks  ths  Cauadlaa  ofllcera,  the  Oaoadlaa 
lawa,  aad  the  Oaaucka  themselTes.  '  The  police  are  strict  aad  eflldeBt. 
The  csptalB  wss  a  flas  msu,  but  he  hsd  more  thaa  he  could  do  this 
laat  aeaaoa,  whea  the  ruah  for  tho  Kloudike  came.  I^t  begaa  la 
August  a  year  ago,  aad  aa  the  rumor  apread  up  aad  dowa  tho  Tukoa, 
the  towaa  aad  mlalag  campa  were  deserted  by  OTorybody  who  could 
get  away.  Ifro  left  the  womeu  to  come  oa  after  them,  aad  hurried 
off  to  tbo  Kloodika  to  lay  out  claims.  Oirde  Olty  was  dsaaed  out. 
There  waao't  room  eoough  oa  the  ateamer  to  take  all  who  waated  to 
get  away  to  the  bow  dlgglaga,  aad  maay  a  good>paylBg  dalm  waa 
abaadoaed  for  the  atUl  better  oaea  ob  the  ereeka  that  ouike  tho  K1ob> 
dike.  The  captala  of  tho  police  had  oaly  a  few  men  without  horae*  to 
detail  arouad  over  the  cbilma,  aod,  beaidee  hie  regular  dutlsa,  he  had 


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tm>  m  -^mmr 


ALASKA,  THE  NEW  ELDORADO 


t»  act  M  reflBter  of  claims  and  settle  dispates  that  were  broogbt  to 
him.  And  there  were  a  good  many  of  these.  The  need  of  cItII  officers 
Is  Terjr  great,  espclally  of  a  snnrejor. 

"The  miners  on  the  Yukon*  are  shrewd,  experienced  men,  and 
sometimes  thej  are  tricky.  I  do  not  like  the  kind  of  goTemment  they 
set  np  for  tbemsrircs,  except  In  the  rery  first  stages.  It  Is  all  by 
miners'  meetings.  They  begin  by  being  fair,  but  after  a  while  cliques 
are  formed,  which  run  things  to  suit  the  men  who  are  in  them,  or, 
which  Is  just  as  bad,  they  turn  the  sessions  Into  fun.  Nobody  can  get 
Jnstlco  from  a  miners'  meeting  when  women  are  on  one  side. 

"When  Bonanaa  Creek  was  opened  up  some  of  the  claims  got 
mixed  up  In  the  rush,  and  the  measurements  were  all  wrong.  Notices 
were  posted  on  the  store  doors  and  on  the  houses,  calling  a  miners* 
meeting  to  settle  the  boundaries  of  claims.  As  was  usual  In  such 
meetings,  a  committee  was  selected  to  mark  off  the  claims  all  the  way 
np  the  creek  with  a  fifty-foot  rope.  Somehow  a  rope  only  forty  feet 
long  was  sneaked  In,  and  that  made  all  the  claims  short  The  space 
that  was  left  OTcr  was  grabbed  by  the  fellows  who  were  In  the  game. 

"Sometimes  In  winter,  when  there  Is  plenty  of  time,  a  dispute  that 
Is  left  to  the  miners'  meeting  grows  Into  a  regular  trial,  with  lawyers 
(there  are  sereral  among  the  miners)  engaged  for  a  fee,  a  committee 
in  place  of  the  Judge,  and  a  regular  Jury.  Witnesses  are  examined, 
the  lawyers  piake  speeches,  and  the  trial  lasts  tlU  nobody  who  listens 
to  It  all,  knows  what  to  think.  I  nerer  liked  It  The  best  way,  ac> 
cording  to  my  experience,  for  two  men  who  can't  agree,  to  hare  a 
settlement  Is  to  choose  their  own  committee,  each  side  picking  a  rep- 
resentatire  and  both  selecting  a  third.  Then  the  committee  Is  fair, 
and  generally  the  decision  Is  satisfactory. 

"Most  of  the  time  when  the  men  cannot  work  Is  spent  in  gambling. 
The  saloons  are  kept  up  In  style,  with  mirrors,  decoratidns,  and  fine, 
polished,  hardwood  bars.  No  cheating  Is  allowed,  and  none  Is  tried. 
The  saloon-keepers  won't  hare  It  In  their  places.  Nobody  goes  armed, 
for  It  Is  no  use.  Swne  of  the  men  are  the  kind  that  would  take  natur- 
ally tQ  shooting,  but  they  don't  try  It  on  the  Yukon.  The  only  case 
that  I  know  of  was  when  James  Cronlster  shot  Washburn,  and  that 
didn't  amount  to  anything,  because  Washburn  was  a  bad  man.  There 
was  a  Jury  trial,  but  the  rerdlct  was  that  Cronlster  was  J  ^noed. 

"The  only  society  or  organisation  for  any  purpose  besides  business 
la  there  Is  the  Yukon  Pioneers.  I  don't  belong  to  that  so  I  don't  know 
much  about  It  It  Is  something  like  the  California  Pioneers  of  '41. 
They  hare  a  gold  badge  In  the  shape  of  a  triangle  with  T.  P.  on  It  and 
the  date  'It.  To  be  a  member  you  must  hare  oome  Into  the  country 
before  IIM. 

"We  need  a  great  many  things  besides  gold.  We  have  no  coin. 
Gold  dust  and  nuggets  pass  current  by  weight  at  about  fifteen  doUan 
and  ftfty  cents  to  the  ounce.  It  Is  pretty  rough  reckoning,  as,  for  In- 
ataaesk  when  a  man  brings  in  a  nugget  nixed  with  quarts.  1>eB  we 
take  It  altogether,  gmrel  and  gold,  for  pure  gold,  and  nuike  It  np  on 


■M: 


M 


ALASKA,  TBB  NBW  BLDOBADO 


m 


vV. 


V>.:' 


'•'< 


th«  good*.  Oarpenten,  UacktmltlM— «]l  the  tnd«t--«ra  wantod,  and 
BMB  who  caa  work  at  tbem  can  make  mach  mora  than  th«  atwago 
miner.  Tlwy  can't  maka  what  a  Inckj  miner  can,  bat  If  they  an  an* 
terprlelnf  they  can  make  a  good  stake.  Wages  ara  |li  a  day,,  hot  n 
man  who  works  for  hlms^  can  make  much  mora  than  that.  1  hate 
gone  Into  the  logging  bnslness  with  a  mill  at  Dawson.  The  spnice 
trees  ara  thirty  Inches  throngh,  and  after  rafting  them  down  fram 
OgllTle  and  Forty  If  lie,  you  get  |1S0  a  thoosand  foot  for  them  sawed 
Into  boards.  Then  then  Is  bntchering  for  the  man  who  will  drlTO 
sheep  over  In  the  summer.  It  has  been  done,  and  Is  to  be  done  again. 
But  It  Is  nsdess  for  me  to  go  on  telling  all  the  oecnpatlons  that  wonld 
pay  high  profits.  The  futuro  of  the  Northwest  country  Is  not  so  long  as 
that  of  a  country  that  can  look  forward  to  other  Industries  than  min- 
ing and  the  business  that  depends  on  mining,  but  It  Is  longer  than  the 
■  life-time  of  any  of  us;  The  surface  has  been  pricked  In  a  few  places, 
but  I  do  not  know  that  the  best  has  been  found,  and  I  am  quite  sura 
no  one  has  any  Idea  of  the  tremendous  extent  of  the  placer  diggings, 
to  say  nothing  of  the  quarts  that  Is  sura  to  follow.  Then,  all  the  other 
metals,  sllrer  and  copper  and  Iron,  hare  been  turned  up,  while  coml  Is 
plentiful.  I  belloTe  thoroughly  In  the  country.  AU  I  hare  doubt  about 
Is  the  character  of  some  of  the  men  who  ara  rushing  In  to  get  rich  by 
just  picking  up  the  gold." 

.   The  conditions  In  the  mines  about  Dawson  in  July,  1897,  ara  thus 
described  by  Charles  Haines,  In  a  letter  from  that  city: 

"The  rich  diggings  have  been  comparatively  Idle  during  the  sum- 
mer, although  the  output  from  Eldorado  and  Bonanza  creeks  was  enor- 
mous, and  there  is  plenty  of  gold  In  sight  Tbera  Is  every  prospect  of 
an  Immense  output  of  gold  from  the  district  next  spilng.  The  total 
output  this  season  Is,  as  near  as  I  can  Judge,  abiiut  17,000,000,  but  very 
little  ground  has  been  worked,  abd  the  dumps  will,  Uke  some  of  the 
tailings  of  old  California  placen,  pan  out  thousands  of  dollan  when 
worked  with  linproTed  machinery.  The  placen  ara  the  most  pnxsllng 
and  deceiving  I  have  ever  seen.  Imagine  a  man  working  on  'good  color* 
and  finding  the  ground  worth  only  a  few  dollan  per  day,  and  then 
turning  to  a  waste  of  mud  and  moss,  with  no  surface  Indlcatlona,  and 
unearthing  a  bonania.   That  Is  the  situation  hera,  and  all  over  Alaska. 

"The  man  who  comes  hera  to  mine  does  so  at  the  expense  of  health 
and  happiness,  and  It  Is  with  him  a  question  of  making  a  fortune 
quickly  or  taking  chances  with  death. 

"About  me  ara  scores  of  men  who  can  weigh  their  gold  by  the 
bucketful,  and  who  value  their  cUlms  at  millions.  Four  hundred  val- 
uable diggings  along  the  creeka,  and  every  digging  la  a  fabuloua  mine 
of  gold,  yet  then  are  weary  men  who  have  gone  and  ara  ratuming  to 
Dawson  after  searching  the  grant  country  heraabout,  and  never  a  nug- 
get do  they  show  for  their  toll,  havlui  made  a  long  tramp  over  broken 
ground,' and  into  a  country  whose  natural  •disadvantages  ara  exceeded 
by  no  other  place  on  earth. 


ALASKA,  TBB  NBW  BLDOBADO 


"This  Alaska-Northwest  Territory  gold  Add  Is  an  odd  prlse^raw- 
Inf  proposition  that  I  can  liken  to  nothing  that  admits  of  a  better  com* 
parison  than  a  lottery.  A  namber  of  spots  are  selected  on  the  creeks 
and  the  rtrers,  and  for  one  year  the  miner  labors.  The  year  closes, 
the  water  runs,  and  the  season's  ontpnt  barely  pays  expenses.  Not  two 
miles  away  from  the  unfortunate  one  works  a  man  who  has  taken 
fitom  an  nnlnT**iii«*blt  of  earth  a  sackful  of  gold.  The  lucky  ono  did 
not  strike  the  pocket  because  of  his  ability  as  a  miner;  chance  faTored 
him,  and  that  was  alL  In  short,  the  miner  guesses  at  It  and  looates 
any  and  ererywhere.  In  19  cases  out  of  10  he  misses  It,  and  has  to 
wait  another  year  for  a  new  trial. 

"Dawson  Is  merely  a  coUeotlon  oi  log  huts,  saloons  and  a  mass  of 
tents,  about  600  In  number.  When  the  long  nights  come,  and  the  glass 
goes  down  to  66  degrees  below  sero,  there  wlU  be  Intense  suffering  here, 
and  I  shudder  to  think  of  the  results. 

"ProTlslons  are  going  to  be  rery  scarce,  and  there  Is  Uttle  reason 
to  doubt  that  the  entire  town  will  hare  to  go  on  short  rations  during 
the  winter,  and  that  scurry  will  be  rampant 

"The  gold  that  will  go  down  the  rirer  for  shipment  out  this  year 
will  amount  to  about  $2,000,000.  There  is  a  lot  of  gold  that  wUl  remain 
In  camp,  for  It  Is  used  as  an  equlralent  of  money,  and  Is  legal  tender 
at  $17  per  ounce.  Of  the  SOOO  or  4000  Inhabitants,  only  a  couple  of  hun> 
4red  at  the  most  hare  made  big  strikes.  There  Is  plenty  of  work  at 
from  116  to  $20  per  day,  and  many  men  hare  paid  $2.60  per  day  or  less 
for  Hrlng,  and  sared  the  balance. 

"Reports  of  other  strikes  are  constantly  recelTCd  here,  and  many 
are  authentic  so  far  as  Stewart  and  PeUy  rirers  are  concerned,  but 
nothing  like  so  rich  as  the  Klondike  has  been  reported.  Quito  a  num- 
ber of  people  are  preparing  to  leare  here  for  Juneau  In  case  the  steam- 
ers do  not  get  through  with  proTlslons,  and  the  outlook  for  a  good 
grub  supply  Is  not  encouraging 

"In  conclusion,  the  Alaska  and  Northwest  Territory  gold  fields  will 
be  dOToloped  slowly.  Ten  thousand  men  may  come  here,  but  they  will 
be  lost  In  the  Tast  country  when  they  spread  out  to  prospect  Not  more 
than  600  of  them  win  strike  a  mine.  When  they  do  strike  pay  grarel, 
their  fortune  Is  made.  In  years  to  come,  when  at  the  sacrifice  of  human 
life  and  energy,  the  treasures  of  this  great  land  are  located,  the  wealth 
of  the  Northwest  win  be  something  beyond  comprehenston." 

Mflton  lllsamore,  whose  trip  down  the  Yukon  Is  described  else- 
where in  this  Tolume,  thus  speaat  of  the  itata  of  affairs  at  Dawson 
upon  his  arriral  In  June,  1697: 

*^ben  we  reached  hero  we  found  that  the  reported  mines  were  not 
fakea.  These  aro  probably  the  richest  placer  diggings  In  the  world. 
They  dalm  that  as  much  as  |600  has  been  taken  out  of  one  pan  of 
givnL  An  tho  men  working  ftw  wages  last  winter  In  the  nines  rt* 
ealTed  IL60  an  hour,  and  are  now  roceltlng  111  a  day,  with  no  UkM* 
hood  of  wages  betag  redneod.  Carpentan  employed  hero  recolTO  the 
and  BO  wagea  art  leas  tlMui  fit  a  day*   Then  aro  two 


;! 


ALA8KA,  TBB  NEW  WLOOSADO 


■•  I 


e 

I' 

I 


•twwb  witli  a  coMMterabto  stoek  of  foods  ooch.  Tliara  la  aMtkw  !■• 
m«uo  atoM'la  coano  of  coMtmetkm.  Thoiro  to  pltntj  et  all  kl<)ido  of 
provtolona  kor*  aow,  with  tbo  oxcopUoa  of  Iwcoa  and  driod  tntL  All 
iMcoa  bnwfflit  In  oror  tho  trail  brlaga  M  ctuta  a  pound  Ttvj  roadUy. 
Flour  to  choapi  •cUIng  at  $14  a  barrtl.  Drj  granvtotod  aoga?  brlaga  M 
conta,  brown  angar  ti  coats,  driod  apptoa  tS  coata,  beaaa  It  ooata,  bak- 
lag  powdor  ^IM  a  pooad,  bnttor  $1.10  a  roU.  Halr«vttlag  eoata  |tM 
aad  abaTlag  M  coata;  commoa  boardlpg  boooo  noato  aro  ILOO,  whtoky 
M  coats  a  driak,  cigars  M  coats.  Thoro  art.  noro  salooaa  tbaa  aay 
otlio^'  kinds  of  boslncos.  Tbero  to  ono  daaco  houso  wltL  four  or  flvo 
girls,  aad  moro  comlag.  Tbsro  arc  a  doaoa  or  noro  faro  tablfr«  nia- 
aing,  which  Tocogalso  ao  other  Halt  thau  the  roof,  mblcb  !•  If  foot, 
aad  some  of  tho  high  rollers  aeari/  pis/  tho  limit  There  aro  aomer- 
ous  bnsloesses  repreeented  here,  such  as  doctors,  watchmakers^  brok- 
ers, laundrj,  tlaaer,  btorksmltL,  etc.  Nearly  all  iMislaeaa  Is  belag  doao 
la  teats,  framed  with  timbers.  There  Is  a  small  mill  here,  bat  the  out* 
pat  to  aothlng  compared  with  the  demaad  for  Inmber.  Lumber  Is 
selllag  at  |150  a  thousaad  and  togs  $46  a  thonsaad,  with  each  a  scarcity 
of  tho  totter  that  the  mill  canaot  keep  rnnalng  all  the  time. 

"The  citj  to  located  on  the  Yukon,  one-half  mile  from  tho  month  of 
tho  Klondike.  The  Ktondike  to  abont  the  stoe  of  the  Gtockamas  riTor, 
and  the  Yukon  to  fully  a  mile  wide  here.  The  mines  aro  wonderfully 
rich.  On  Eldorado  creek  they  took  from  a  prospect  hole  4  by  T  foot 
MIOO.  No.  St  got  from  four  buckets  of  graTd  ISSOO.  this  quantity 
being  about  40  pans,  making  It  maont  |I0  to  the  pan.  No.  tO  took  out 
of  their  slulco>box  100  pounds  of  gold  In  six  hours,  two  men  only  being 
employ  Jd  In  the  sbovellng.  Usny  others  aro  said  to  b«  doing  as  well. 
Thene  three  i«:lnes  are  on  the  Eldorado  creek,  about  tO  niloa  from  ^aw« 
son  :  y.f.  aiidorado  Is  a  branch  that  empties  Into  the  Bonansa  ,whlcb 
Utter  empties  Into  the  Klondike.  AU  tho  mines  aro  on  flat,  boggy 
ground,  and  cannot  be  worked  successfully  white  the  weather  Is  warm, 
aa  tho  streaata  aro  high  aad  much  drainage  water  runa  Into  them. 
There  are  few  aummer  mints  hero  now,  and  they  are  do^ng  Uttle^  aa 
tbero  la  not  enough  water  to  ran  their  slulceo  now.  T1i«  nearest  minea 
to  thto  place  aro  flve  or  alz  milea  dtotant.  and  no  one  seems  to  know 
how  many  ctalms  have  been  staked  out.  B? ery  bit  ot  gronad  for  ti  or 
40  miles  oo  the  Kloadlke  to  ctolmed.  most  of  which  wlU  bo  worked  thto 
wlnftf.  It  Is  the  general  opialoo  here  that  there  will  be  ptoaty  of  work 
fov  eTerybo(*y,  Br.«i  some  ars  of  ti*  opialoo  Chat  soaie  of  the  mlaoa 
wib  pay  as  b'gh  as  fZO  before  the  wlut^r  Is  over. 

"It  is  aeceeeary  that  wages  should  bo  high  la  some  of  them,  aa 
food  to  high.  Ob  BIdorado  creek  at  the  aearcat  polat  flour  to  worth  |tO 
a  sack,  brown  sugar  10  coats,  beaaa  40  coats,  etc.  The  rataa  for  pack> 
lag  from  Dawsoa  Olty  aro  about  |l.iO  a  baodred  for  each  mito  of  dto* 
taacf .  Th«.  "Mtuth  of  BIdorado  creek  Is  II  miles  dtotaat,  awklag  freight 
9ti  to  that  polr>t,  aat*.  to  tho  ead  of  tho  frail  |tO,  which  to  aa  f ar  aa 
goods  caa  bo  packed  aow.  At  prsooat  horses  are  aaed  soom,  a  good 
hoffso  being  cnpabto  of  carrying  tM  pounda.    la  winter  dofs  and 


ALASKA.  THE  NBW  ELDORADO 


•ledgM  ar?  iwed.  It  wlU  be  at  Icaat  two  and  one-balf  noiitha  befora 
there  la  much  demand  for  labor,  and  It  la  no  time  to  proapect,  aa  the 
large  rlrera  are  all  high. 

"It  haa  bi'«n  rerj  warm  erer  aince  I  atmch  the  Tvkon,  and  may 
get  mnch  wt  ner  yet  daring  the  coming  month.  Jnat  aa  aoon  aa  the 
ann  goea  down  it  bfglna  to  freeae,  forming  qnlte  a  acvm  of  Ice  orer 
poola  daring  the  time  that  the  ann  la  below  the  horlaon.  We  haTe  not 
had  any  night  for  the  laat  month,*  nor  won't  haTe  for  the  aame  time 
to  come.  The  mooqaltoa  are  rery  bad,  althongh  there  are  Icae  of  them 
here  In  town  than  •»  the  flata.  It  aeema  atrange  that  where  the  ann 
ahlnca  hot  ao  contlnnonaly  the  gronnd  ahonM  remain  froaen,  bnt  It 
la  the  caae.  Here  In  Dawaon  the  gronnd  la  froaen  aoUdly  to  within  alz 
inchea  of  the  anrface." 

The  condltlona  of  life  along  the  Tnkon  are  thna  deaerlbed  by  W. 
W.  Caldwell  ,of  Rochcater,  Mo.,  who  came  ont  of  the  conntry  thla  year 
with  a  large  quantity  of  gold  doat  after  two  yeara  of  hard  tzpcrlence. 
He  owna  an  Intercat  In  three  ralnable  clalma  on  the  Klondike.  He 
aay»: 

"I  remember  the  time  In  Dawaoh  Olty  when  It  waa  a  common  alght 
to  aee  bottlce,  tin  cana,  bncketa  and  erery  aTallable  Teaael,  wood  or 
metal,  atanding  about  on  ahelTca,  tables,  In  comera,  ererywhere,  In 
open  eight,  full  of  gold,  thouaanda  upon  thooaanda  of  dollara*  worth  In 
every  aback  and  atore.  Nobody  e^er  thoi«5ht  of  loelng  any  of  It  or  haT* 
log  any  of  It  atolen,  for  there  la  an  unwritten  mlner'a  law  that  la  more 
i>otent  than  any  on  your  atatutee.  Neat  aprlng,  howoTer,  when  the 
biff  crowd  geta  In  there,  they'll  not  leave  It  lie  around  ao  looaety, 
thouf  h  It  would  be  folly  for  any  crook  to  attempt  to  get  away  with 
anybody'a  gold,  for  he  could  nerer  get  out  of  the  country  with  It,  and 
of  courae  when  caught  hia  trial  and  eiecuthm  wouM  be  abort  and 
certain. 

"I  can't  Imagine  what  all  the  people  who  Intend  to  go  up  neit  year 
Intend  to  dev  for  all  the  clalma  on  the  Klondike,  Eldorado  and  Bonanaa 
are  taken,  and  unleaa  they  work  for  othera  or  buy  clalma  I  don't  aee 
anything  for  them  to  dov  except  to  atrike  out  In  new  directlona  and 
proapect  for  other  gold  beda.  If  many  will  do  thla,  and  there  will  be 
nothing  elae  for  them  to  do,  It  wlU  tend  to  develop  many  new  flelda, 
and  tha  once  who  will  ba  neareat  the  new  acoreriee  will  be  the 
fortunate  onea  for  the  time  being,  and  ao  on  t;  will  go  for  yeara,  many 
making  fallurea  of  It  and  a  few  atriking  It  t  oh.  I  am  afraid  there  are 
too  many  men  going  In  there  phyalcally  unqualified  for  the  work,  more 
than  tor  the  aererity  of  tha  winter.  Thaoa  will  drap  out  by  the  bun- 
drtda,  either  dying  there  or  If  able  will  get  back  to  drlllaatlan.  My 
•drlco  would  be  to  thoaa  having  the  Kiandlka  tovur  to  haM  a  aart  af 
•atf-comiiunlon,  and  lad  mH  If  they  art  willing  t»  mderga  the  aoll< 
tvda.  tha  tfarfcaaaa,  canraa  faad  and  hard  MMual  warfe  attaadlng  a 
wlnttr^  tflfflhfi  Ml  ft  clfti*.  II  aatia  Ml  aaly  grit,  Mt  pattaMt  a( 
tfet  fearale  afdtr,  far  Iha  uMa  art  alwajn  ifftlnal  fa«  thraigli  N  ftU. 
Ift  iff^  ftffttr  toMtkiff  rtwr  daSai,  yvti  feavt  to  tfirt  as  Ite  ai 


!   ( 


I  I 

I 

I 


I 

{  I 


ALASKA.  THB  NBW  ■LDOBADO 


r 


of  work  fM  «•  lolag  to  do  tad  Bvmbor  of  ■•■  yov  pnpoot  to 

•ad  thoB  cokidato  on  tko  avmlMr  of  coido  of  wood  jtm  will 
log  tbo  Ato  moBUMf  diggtaf.  All  this  wood  BMt  bo  cot  to  tho  wua* 
nor  and  takoa  to  yoor  daUa,  haady  for  roadj  aoo.  la  othor  words,  It 
lo  hard  work  fron  oao  oad  of  tho  yoar  to  tho  othor,  aad  at  tha  oad  yoa 
Biaj  hoTo  hardly  oaovgh  to  pay  fOr  yonr  gmli. 

'ThocUmato  lo  aot  to  oovoro  as  poopio  Uaaglao.  It  lo  a  dry,  oioar, 
bradoff,  healthy  eOld  that  glvoo  one  a  raTonooo  appotlto  aad  dta  a 
maa  to  do  tho  work  of  two  ordlaary  moa  la  a  moro  tomporato  cUaaato. 
Tta  hoars  lo  tho  rsgalattoa  day's  work,  and  thrso  sqparo  moals,  aw^ 
•  If  a  maa  Is  anyways  rognlar  and  cooks  his  fOod  tho  daagor  from 
scarry  Is  small.  Thors  haTO  boon  bat  fow  cosss  of  sear?y,  and  thtso 
amonf  moo  who  woro  too  laay  to  cook  thoir  food  aad  woro  goaorally 
cartlsss  aboot  thomsdTss. 

"Dorlng  tho  wlotor  months  thoro  oro  only  from  two  to  foor  hoars 
of  twilight.  It  being  light  onongh  to  soo,  bat  not  to  rood  by.  Oaadlso 
aro  assd  all  tho  tlmo,  sad  somotlmoo  havo  to  bo  assd  tn  tho  mlddlo 
of  tho  day  to  oat  yoar  dinner  by.  Tho  snowfall  Is  aot  hsaTy--not  nesr 
so  heaty  as  In  Montana— nor  aro  there  many  storms.  Tho  cold,  how* 
over,  Is  bitter,  and  tbo  mereaiy  goes  down  pretty  low. 

"All  proTislons  hSTo  to  bo  cached  on  a  high  platform  bnllt  on  posto, 
some  eight  or  ten  feet  from  tho  gronnd.  In  order  to  protect  them  from 
dogs,  woItoo  and  bears.  In  tho  morning  the  day's  proTlslons  aro  token 
oat  by  moons  of  a  ladder,  and  tho  bacon  or  meat  and  othor  staff  placed 
near  the  Are,  where  It  thaws.** 

Ifllton  Mlsamore,  of  Portland,  who  has  Jnst  rotamod  from  tho 
Ynkon  country,  thns  speaks  of  condltlono  aa  they  ealst  thsre: 

"A  man  to  haTO  even  a  reasonably  complete  ontflt  most  not  flgaro 
on  lees  than  IM  poands  of  eataMeo  for  each  month  of  his  eontemplated 
stay.  Now,  yon  woald  asy  thst  1100  poands  of  provisions  wonld  bo  a 
year's  supply;  yet  It  woald  not  be  enoagh  If  yoa  expected  to  stoy  a 
year,  because  If  yoa  were  to  stoy  so  long,  you  could  not  get  away  for  a 
number  of  montba  longer.  Thus,  If  yoa  Iosto  hero  next  spring  and 
remalB  la  the  Alasksa  Interior  until  the  followlog  winter,  yon  could 
not  get  away  from  there  thea  until  the  following  spring,  by  whieh 
tlmo  your  supply  of  provisions  would  bo  exhausted,  aad  yon  would 
have  nothing  to  get  out  with  unless  jou  buy  moro  there.  Bo  1100 
pounds  Is  less  than  you  need,  If  you  expect  to  stay  over  a  winter,  and 
moro  than  you  need  If  you  expect  to  return  tho  asms  season.  Beoldeo 
this  weight  of  food  slono  you  must  figure  upon  oereral  hundred  pounda 
of  tools  sod  other  oupplleo,  and  la  thia  connection  I  want  to  speak  of 
weapons.  This  little  pocket  knife  lo  sU  the  weapon  I  hare  carried  or 
had  any  nso  for.  I  have  been  reading  an  Interview  with  a  youth  who 
lately  casM  oot  of  the  Yukon  country,  and  ho  la  quoted  aa  saying  that 
a  maa  eaa  ahoot  aU  tho  game  ho  waato  to  there.  Now,  I  have  traveled 
over  that  regloa  aboat  aa  much  as  a  hmb  eould  do  la  tho  Ubm  I  had, 
aad  tho  OBly  gasM  I  saw  la  tho  TBkoa  eouatry  was  a  solitary  poroa- 
plao.   Yen  caa't  take  ttaM  to  boat  gasM  If  yoa  go  to  boat  gold,  aad 


ALABKA,  TBB  NBW  MLDORkDO 


Map 


R«glea. 


yo«  wovid  bttttr  paek  •■  Mini  pkk  or  ■hoTtI  tbaa  •  •hootlBg  Iron. 


NvthlBf  ■•■■■ 


•toortf  to  tb«  eM  proapocton  lo  thoro  thaa  u* 


UfflTal  o(  loBdorfoot  loodod  dowa  witk  Mto  faU  of  platola. 

**Mow,  I  hftTa  aadaavafod  to  aaka  tko  aoat  eaitfal  laqalriaa  of 
otbara  wko  kavo  aMkto  tko  trip,  aai«  aa  •  raaoK  of  tkia,  togotkar  wItk 
wkati 


akaarfod,  1  aai  lad  to  tka  aaoaarratlvo  aatlMita  of 
■■  avorago  laaa  af  M  par  aaat  af  tka  oatlta  takaa  to.  Aad  !■  tkat 
aaiatty  tkaaa  wko  ka?o  BMOt  aial  paH  wItk  at  laaal  a  Uttla  la  tkaaa 

•  partF  aC  ill  tkal  waat  dowB  tka  npMa 


i^il 


4$  ALASKA.  THB  NEW  BLDOBADO 

at  tto  auM  tlBM  tkat  1  did  lost  tMr  beat  aad  wtti*  ootSt  by 
toff  afaliist  a  roek.  With  ny  Uuilttd  oatflt,  I  could  look  aflar  but  twa 
of  thorn,  which  I  wao  glad  to  do,  ao  far  aa  Dawoon,  aad  otob  thoa  tha 
latch  otrlaff  wai  oat  vatll  thoj  woro  aMo  to  do  for  thomaolTOi.  Othcn 
who  camo  aloog  htlptd  tho  root  of  tho  party.  I  undcntaad  tha  prae* 
tico  la  aomowhat  dlfftront  with  aono  of  thooo  who  have  gooo  la  olaca 
tho  big  mah  began,  bat  a  maa'a  niMnnaoa  la  that  coantry  dooa  aot 
caally  aacapo  him.  The  oieaner  he  la  the  aooner  he  la  likely  to  be  aorry 
for  It.  By  the  way,  now,  you  know,  or,  that  la,  alnco  the  atoraa  doaod 
up  there,  the  mlnern'  committee  looka  after  erery  pound  of  food  that 
entera  tho  region. '  They  aee  that  the  man  who  brlnga  It  la  left  enough 
to  laat  him  through,  but  the  rcet  la  taken  from  him  (though  he  la  paid 
the  beet  price  for  It)  and  put  Into  the  common  atock.  The  aame  wlU 
be  done  with  auch  proTlalona  as  get  up  the  rlTor  on  the  ateamera.  Tho 
government  by  minora  la  better  In  that  region,  I  belloTO,  than  that  of 
the  proTlndal  police.  Tho  latter  may  arreat  a  man  for  ateallag  an- 
other'a  grub,  which  la  equlralent  to  munler  In  atarratUm  tlmea,  aad  the 
police  abut  him  In  the  guard  houae,  where  he  la  well  fML  The  commit* 
tee  would  do  better  than  that" 

"Don't  think  of  taking  fun.  You  don't  need  them.  They  are 
heary  and  otherwloe  cumberaome,  and  one  aweata  under  them  aa 
under  rubber  garmenta.  I  have  talked  with  ecoree  of  Yukonera,  many 
of  whom  had  apent  many  wlntera  In  the  country,  and  all  agree  that  one 
abould  dreaa  ao  aa  to  allow  of  aa  much  -freedom  of  moTement  aa  poaal> 
ble,  compatible  with  warmth.  Theae  men  wear  two  aulta  of  tho 
hearlcot  undermear,  and  OTer  thla*oTeralla  of  heavy  drilling,  and  a 
cape  or  hooded  jumper  of  the  aame  material,  called  a  *parka.'  A 
woolen  or  other  warm  cop  la  worn  on  the  head,  and  over  thla  In  tha 
coldeet  a'cather  the  hood  of  the  parka  la  drawn.  The  ctoee-woven  ta.- 
tureotthe  drilling  ahlelda  the  wind  from  tU«»  Bgure,  and  the  undercloth* 
Ing  keepa  the  body  warm.  The  drilling  la  cheap,  und  weara  well.  No 
coat  la  worn  with  thla,  tho  working  dreae  of  the  mloer.  No  leather 
or  rubber  footwear  hi  worn.  It  crampa  the  feet  and  It  la  eatremely 
eeaentlal  that  the  eztremltlea  ha? e  the  greateat  freedom  of  drcuhitlon. 
Therefore,  Yukonera  unlveraally  wear  winter  moccaalna,  called  'muck- 
lucka,'  made  generally  by  the  Indians  They  are  worn  much  tw 
large  for  the  feet,  ao  aa  to  permit  the  weariOK  uf  at  leaat  two  paira 
of  heary  aocka  and  a  piece  of  woolen  cloth  orer  the  eocki.  For  aom- 
mer  troTellng  over  the  wet,  awampy  country,  where  an  ordinary  pair 
of  boota  would  be  eoaked  through  In  no  time,  they  wear  'water  muck- 
lucka.'  vy>r  working  In  the  alulcea  they  wear,  when  they  can  get  them, 
high-grade  rubber  boota,  with  rubber  aolea.  I  took  a  pair  of  them  up 
there  ,wore  them  neariy  out,  and  then  aoU  them  for  ft  more  than  they 
coot  me. 

"The  dlmato  la  not  eapedally  trying.  If  one  takea  car«  of  oae'o 
aelf,  eicept  la  auch  placea  aa  Dawaoa  Olty,  which  la  built  richt  oa  tha 
dear  lee  of  a  froaen  owamp.  There  la  no  drainage  In  each  a  place,  aad 
the  refuae  of  the  campa  ataya  right  In  the  moaa  and  mud  of  the  aurface. 


I  I 


«Ci; 


•  r." 


i 


<^'\n 


».  S 


o 


'■  Srt.' 


^^ 


>' 


.'■•     ^ 


f  .<  i>  ■••. 


»•-  »U 


•  *. 


ALASKA,  THB  NBW  BLDOHADO 


41 


Conaeqnently  there  !•  miich  typhoid.  I  know  no  better  remedy  for  It  or 
rather  prerentatlre,  than  to  swallow  a  good  doae  of  quinine  and  whis- 
ky upon  the  first  symptoms  of  Its  presence  In  one's  self." 

In  regard  to  his  snceess  In  packing  In  his  ontllt  of  100  pounds 
alone,  while  others  failed,  he  says: 

"It  Is  not  that  I  am  of  more  than  arerage  strength,  or  endurance. 
I  was  simply  careful  not  to  OTertix  myself.  Why,  I  used  to  see  great, 
stout,  husky  fellows  passing  me  with  theli^  100  to  17B  pounds  on  their 
backs  and  smiling  at  my  little  pack  of  M  pounds,  which  I  dropped  at 
the  end  of  a  few  hundr<<d  yards;  then  I  went  back  for  more.  Some  of 
them  would  walk  three  or  four  miles  or  mora  with  those  henry  weights 
and  only  let  go  when  they  could  carry  no  longer.  Then  the  long  walk 
back  would  tira  them  almost  as  much.  My  experience  In  pocking  has 
taught  me  the  ralue  of  stopping  befora  exhaustion.  Thus,  by  carry- 
log  a  light  weight  a  short  distance,  one  Is  able  to  recorer  or  rest  on 
the  short  raturn  walk,  and  I  say  that.  If  one  wlU  work  one's  entira 
outfit  a  short  distance  each  day,  without  allowing  himself  to  orerdo, 
he  win  make  much  faster  progress  In  the  long  run  than  a  far  stronger' 
man  who  sirlres  to  pack  the  hearlest  weight  tho  greatest  distance,  and 
soscattera  his  outfit  all  along  the  trail,  whera  he  cannot  look  after  It. 
I  saw  men,  great,  strong  fellows,  who,  unlike  me,  had  all  their  llres 
been  used  to  hard  outdoor  work,  yet  when  they  had  got  as  far  as  the 
foot  of  the  pass  they  would  sit  down  and  weep  with  discouragement, 
baring  so  orertaxed  their  strangth  on  the  easy  strotches  they  had  none 
left  for  the  hardest  part  of  the  journey.  I  tell  you,  thera  Is  nothing  la 
It  when  a  man  worka  so  hard  one  day  that  he  must  lay  off  four  to 
rscuperate." 

James  HcMahon,  of  Tacoma,  thuf  speaks  of  his  experience  In  the 
Klondike  Isst  winter,  on  Adams  creek:  . 

"Four  men  of  v.»  worked  nearly  four  months  during  the  winter 
taking  grarel  from  the  creek  bed.  We  made  an  excaratton  serenty- 
two  feet  long,  sixty-one  feet  wide  and  sixteen  feet  deep,  reaching  bed- 
rock. When  the  creek  thawed  we  washed  the  grarel  In  sluice  boxes 
In  three  or  four  weeks.  My  shara  of  the  clean-up  was  |M,000.  In  the 
winter  we  picked  up  nuggets  on  the  dump  ranging  In  ralne  from  M 
cents  to  $600,  amounting  to  |1,I00.  The  goM-liearlng  grarel  lies  on  the 
creek  bottom,  and  Is  reached  by  sinking  a  hole  through  the  Ice  In  the 
rlrer,  which  freescs  solid.  Then  flres  ara  built  to  thaw  the  snrth  and 
drift  work  done  to  rrach  the  richest  grarel.  For  nino  days  we  wera 
unable  to  learo  our  cabins  because  of  the  cold.  The  thennonMter  was 
Tl  degrees  below  sero.  It  Is  no  fnn  llring  In  vich  a  sountry.  I  hare  a 
claim  on  Hunker  creek,  twtnty-flre  miles  from  whora  tho  atrsam  emp- 
U«o  Into  the  Klondike.  I  haro  two  awn  working  tht*«,  tad  piy  them 
111  a  day.  Tbo  grarel  ylekla  fram  M  cents  to  |t.00  to  tho  pan.  I  haro 
•  claim  on  Indian  creek,  that  yMda  tmm  H  cents  to  not  lo  tho  pan." 

Fraas  tho  reports  of  retnralng  miners  the  condition  of  Dnwson  Olty 
•nrly  tho  post  summer  Is  onmnwrtaed  as  IMIown: 


ALASKA.  THB  NBW  BLDOBADO 


r\ 


Eil 


DawMB  to  sltutod  «■  tiM  noitli  tlte  oC  th«  Jvaettaa  oC  tto 
dlk«  and  TokoD  rlTwnib  right  at  th«  aaglt.  Th«  TakoB  to  IM  jmvda 
wM«  at  Ula  point  udtUKtondlktAboottteMUBM.  AooMtteiOoa- 
dlk*  rlTMT  tlMN  to  a  Uttl*  IndtaB  TlUago  caltod  Loom  Tomn,  wkteh  to 
known  on  tho  *»ap  aa  Klondlkt.  Tht  Indtant  an  of  tha  tribo  U  Oobw 
do  Foo,  or  Fooltob  p«oplo. 

Thoio  aro  alKJut  MTonty-flTO  woman  at  Dawoon,  oono  wlvoa  of 
mlnofi,  oomo  In  tho  dance  ball  kept  by  Harrj  Aab.  The  women  get 
a  percentage  of  tbs  Tecelpto  for  dancing  with  tbe  mlnen.  Frequently 
wben  the  rolnere  feel  flneb,  they  giro  the  women  nnggets. 

One  of  tho  bare  there  coat  $760  In  Ban  Francleco.    It  belongs  to 
Leach  it  Aehby.   Joseph  Cooper  htut  a  bar,  bought  In  Ban  Francleco 
last  spring  which  cost  about  the  sam^    |7><f.   It  Is  a  flue  thing,  with 
.  mirrors  and  oTerythlng. 

There  are  ten  saloons  and  three  reetaurants.  One  restaurant  bo- 
hwgs  to  a  bsrber,  one  to  an  Italian  and  one  to  an  Iron  monger.  They 
charge  |l.bO  for  a  meal,  which  consists  of  bacon,  beans,  bread,  coffee, 
a  piece  of  cbceee  and  dried  fruit.  The  reetauranto  are  well  patron- 
ised.   They  sell  everything  they  can  rake  or  Scrape. 

The  currency  there  Is  mostly  gold  dust  and  paying  to  done  by 
weight.  Bach  establishment  has  Its  scales.  The  man  who  makea  a 
purchase  throws  his  sack  of  dust  OTsr  the  counter  and  tho  keeper  of 
the  store  weights  It  out    The  basto  Is  |17  to  one  ounce. 

Two  of  the  transportstlon  compsnlee  keep  general  stores.  This 
summer  flour  was  fit  a  hundrsd  pounds;  sugar  10  to  SB  cent*— SO  cents 
for  brown  snd  S6  cents  for  granutoted;  rice  to  SO  cento  a  pound,  oat* 
meal  SS  cents;  condensed  milk  to  00  cents  a  can,  buttor  to  |I.M  a  roll, 
beans  are  ISH  cents,  salt  Is  It  cento,  dried  fmlt  SB  to  SO  cento;  aprlcoto 
are  n  cento  a  pound;  tobacco  selto  for  I1.B0  a  pound— chewing  and 
fancy  brands  for  smoking;  plug  cut  to  fS.OO  a  pound,  cigars  wholesale 
there  for  |90.00  per  1000.  Btonkets  run  all  the  way— for  a  good  bton- 
kct  which  a  white  man  woidd  use— from  $11.00  to  IS0.00  a  pair.  Hud* 
son  Bay  blsnkets  sell  for  fSO.OO,  which  would  be  got  for  about  M-OO  In 
Bngtond.  A  good  linen  shirt  will  cost  fB.OO,  a  suit  of  underwear  about 
110.00,  cauTas  oTsralto  from  IS.00  to  IS.60,  boots  from  $10.00  to  $1S.00. 
The  common  stogy  shoes  sre  worth  $6.00  to  $7.B0.  A  suit  of  cloths 
brings  $SO.0OO  to  $BO.0O.  There  are  no  tailors  there  yet  Theee  clothes 
are  custom  made  winter  dothee,  the  ssme  as  they  keep  In  the  cities. 
They  are  torgeky  remnants  of  clothing  dealers*  old  stock.  There  are  a 
number  of  sewiuf  machinee  in  the  country. 

There  aro  baths  in  Dawsou.  Tbe  bath  houses  are  made  out  of 
logs.  There  Is  an  arch  built  of  rock,  and  thto  arch  Is  Bred  until  tho 
rock  is  hot:  then  the  Bre  to  put  out  and  a  barrel  of  cold  water  to  thrown 
on  the  rock  until  the  houeo  is  filled  full  of  stsam.  Ton  can  then  get 
up  on  a  ehelf  or  lie  on  the  Boor  and  get  any  temperature  yon  Want  It 
to  a  good  sweat  bsth,  and  to  all  right  too^  for  cleaning.  There  are  a 
number  of  bath  tubs,  atoo. 


AMiiKA,  TBB  NBW  BLDOBADO 


4t 


44 


ALASKA,  TBI  NBW  BLDORADO 


Tbwt  to  a  Kliool  at  Olrele  Olty  and  om  to  bataf  iNsUt  la  Dawwa 
thto  year.   The  teacher  In  Olreto  Olty  waa  an  Amarlcan  fiom  Nabraaka. 

At  Dawaon  then  wU  be  a  CathoUe  chnrdi  boUt  thto  annuner. 
There  will  probably  be  atao  an  Bnfltoh  ehoreh  and  a  Prcebyterton 
chvrch,  too.   Btahop  Bowe,  of  <Boeton,  haa  the  totter  la  charge. 

There  to  a  theatrical  company  at  Circle  City.  The  leadlnf  actor 
and  manager  of  It  to  George  Snow.  Hla  wife  to  the  toadlng  tody. 
They  gaTe  all  lort  of  ptoye— "Uncto  TOm's  Cabin"  one  night,  **01d 
Kentucky"  the  next.  "CamlUe"  the  next,  the  "Newaboy"  the  next.  It 
to  a  repertoire  company.  They  wlU  haTo  a  theater  In  Dawaon  thto 
winter. 

ScTeral  towyere  are  there,  and  two  or  three  phyeldana. 

The  eummer  open*  about  May  IS.  The  Ice  goea  down  the  river, 
and  by  June  1  no  tuow  to  seen  anywhere.  The  eummer  laate  tlU  Sep- 
tember. The  daya  lengthen  and  ahorten  there  at  the  rate  of  acTen 
minutea  a  day.  The  longeat  day  there  to  June  tS.  On  that  day  they 
hare  the  aun  for  about  20  lioura— a  clear,  warm  ann.  After  the  win- 
ter  acta  In  on  the  flrat  of  September,  th«  cold  comeo  gradually.  In  the 
montha  of  September  and  October  the  dlnute  to  flue.  The  month  of 
October  there  la  about  the  aame  aa  Norember  here;  after  that  eTery> 
thing  la  cloaed  up.  The  Yukon  river  uaually  cloaca  between 'the  lat 
and  10th  of  Norember.  It  to  not  naTlgable  after  that  time  until  the 
next  apring.  The  Ice  In  the  riTcra  freesea  Ave  and  a  half  feet  thick, 
according  to  Mr.  Ogllyle,  who  cut  holea  for  meaaurement  once  a  month 
during  the  winter.  From  that  time  until  June  IB  of  the  next  aummer 
the  life  the  men  and  women  ^ead  to  about  the  aame  aa  In  any  mining 
camp.  In  the  winter  time  the  nighta  are  apent  In  ptoylng  carda. 
Among  the  gamblera  the  great  game  to  poker.  Among  the  mlnera  the 
faroriteo  are  whtot,  pedro,  crtbbage  and  checkera. 

Some  ctolma  are  worked  almply  by  building  long  aluloea  along  the 
creek  and  bringing  water  to  them  from  above  by  meana  of  a  ditch,  the 
dirt  being  ahoTeled  Into  the  alulce  from  the  aldea.  Otheca  hate  the 
dirt  ahoTcled  down  to  the  alulcee  from  the  benchea  abOTO.  Theae 
ctolma  can  only  be  worked  In  the  aummer  time  while  the  water  to  run- 
ning.  The  ctolma  upon  which  work  la  done  In  the  winter  time  are 
thoae  on  the  flata  or  boggy  marahea,  where  a  abaft  haa  to  be  aunk  to 
get  at  the  rich  dirt  near  the  bedrock.  The  ground  to  thawed  by  meana 
of  Urea  kept  burning  In  the  abaft,  and  the  dirt  la  aent  up  to  the  aurface 
In  bucketa,  where  It  la  piled  up  on  the  dump.  In  the  aummer  time  thia 
dirt  la  run  through  a  alulce  and  the  gold  taken  out  of  It.  Tlina  It  will 
be  Been  that  actual  waahing  of  gold  from  the  dirt  can  be  done  only  for 
a  abort  time  each  year,  and  that  If  a  man  puta  In  hto  time  In  the  win- 
ter piling  up  the  pay  dirt  near  hla  abaft  /or  waahing  the  next  aummer, 
he  may  not  be  able  to  make  a  clean  up  of  It  all  the  next  aummer  In 
time  to  get  out  of  the  country  that  year)  being  thua  compelled  to  re- 
main another  winter.  ThIa  la  alao  true  of  one  who  haa  a  ctolm  re- 
quiring aummer  working,  for  when  the  mining  aeaaon  to  orer  It  to  too 
late  to  go  down  the  rirer  or  orer  the  trail  to  the  coaat. 


Chapter  V 


Routes  to  the  Yukon  Mines 

Of  equal  Iniportaiicc  to  the  nclectlon  of  a  suffldent  and  proper  oat> 
lit  la  the  question  of  wbat  route  shall  be  taken  to  reach  the  Interior 
from  the  coast,  and  this  should  be  decided  before  the  outfit  is  pur- 
chased,  since  the  route  to  be  followed  determines  in  soTeral  important 
particulars  the  nature  of  the  equipment  necessary. 

In  the  first  place  it  may  be  said  that  Dawson  City,  the  commercial 
point  of  the  Klondike  region,  may  be  reached  from  Portland  by  an  all* 
water  route  by  the  way  of  the  mouth  of  the  Yukon  rirer,  or  by  water 
to  some  point  on  the  southern  coast  of  Alaslu^  and  thence  oreriand  on 
foot  to  the  headwaters  of  the  Yukon  and  by  boat  down  the  rlrer,  or 
by  stlU  longer  oTerland  trails.  Bach  of  these  routes  will  be  considered 
separately,  though  it  is  proper  to  qualify  in  adrance  anything  that  may 
be  said,  by  the  adrice  to  leare  the  decision,  of  this  matter  until  spring, 
since  new  deTel<q>ments  and  added  facilities  proTided  before  that  time 
may  so  radically  change  the  present  conditions  in  regard  to  some  of 
the  routes  as  mi^terially  to  affect  the  decision.  This  is  a  questimi  that 
might  well  be  determined  after  arrtrlng  in  Portland,  but  before  pur- 
chaaing  an  outfit,  taking  adrantage  of  the  rery  latest  Information  on 
the  subject,  since  there  are  railroad  and  other  projects  on  foot  that 
haTe  not  yet  dereloped. 

ST.  MICHABLS  AND  YUKON  ROUTE. 

Under  present  conditions,  and  until  a  railroad  is  built  from  some 
point  en  the  coast  to  connect  with  steamers  on  the  vpper  wateia  of  the 
Yukon,  the  easiest  route  Is  by  ocean  steamer  to  It  lliebaela,  near  the 
OMNith  of  the  Yukon,  and  thence  by  river  steamer  up  the  itnam  t» 
DawaoB.  Hie  distaneca  by  tbia  roata  are  •■  foUowt: 

Portland  to  8t  Mleha«ls ItM  mUca 

8t  Mlchaela  to  Circle  Olty ^ MO  mUes 

Circle  City  to  rorty-Mtte tM  milea 

'   Forty-lflle  to  Dawson M  mUes 

The  steamer  route  to  St.  11  ichaels  cuts  aeroaa  the  northeaat  comer 
of  the  Pacific^  aa  ahown  on  the  accompanying  map,  passes  through  the 
Aleutian  archipelago  at  Dutch  Harbor,  Unalaska,  and  cresses  Behr* 
Ing  sea  to  St  11  Ichaeio,  which  Is  located  on  aa  laland  M  mUes  north 
of  the  Ynkea's  month.  Becanse  of  the  shalliiwnsaa  of  the  water  ocean 
steaaMve  canaet  eater  the  Yukon,  and  psiaengers  and  fMght  ara 
tnasferred  to  light  draft  riTsr  steamers  at  St,  Mlehaela.  The  chief 
ehjeeHoa  to  this  rente  la  the  shortaess  e(  the  BOTlcBtloa  aaaaoa  ea  tho 
ealy  abeat  throe  Beathi  each  year.    Darlat  the  ather 


id; 


M  ALABKA.  TBB  NBW  BLDOBADO 

niM  BontlM  OM  ctB  g«t  !•  waA  out  oiilj  bf  om  of  tb»  ovtrtaad  vovIm. 
let  bnftkt  op  In  th«  Tnkon  b«twM0  May  li  and  th*  flrat  9t  Jvb%  bat 
tli«  movtli  of  tho  rlTor  is  often' Mocked  wltli  ko  for  eomo  tlmo  after 
the  rlTor  aboTO  la  naTlgablo.  It  la  cnatonuur  for  aodi  atoamera  aa  are 
near  the  month  of  the  rlTor  to  winter  at  a  point  abont  TS  nUleo  np  the 
atream.  When  released  from  the  Ice  they  atart  up  the  river,  while 
thoee  froaen  In  at  the  head  of  naTlgatlon  atart  down  atream.  Bj  the 
time  the  latter  reach  tho  month  of  the  rlTor  the  Ice  la  gone,  and  they 
can  get  to  St.  lllchaela.  where  they  find  the  first  lot  of  paaaengers 
that  hare  arrlTed  from  the  eonth  that  aeason.  By  this  time  It  Is 
the  first  <tf  June,  or  later.  The  last  boats  to  go  dear  np  the  rlrer 
must  leare  8t  Michaels  not  much  later  than  the  first  of  September,  as 
the  rlTor  generally  frceses  between  the  tenth  and  twentieth  of  the 
month.  This  leareo  only  three  montha  of  actual  traTel  In  or  out 

At  present  both  the  Alaska  Commercial  Company  and  the  North 
American  Trading  and  Transportation  Company  haTO  ateamera  on  the 
rlTor.  and  each  has  trading  posts  at  St  Mlchaela  and  at  Tartona  points 
In  the  Interior.  The  presmt  year  theso  boata  hare  been  unable  to 
carry  In  the  supplies  required  for  the  greatly  Increased  population  of 
the  mining  reglona,  and  upon  this  fact  Is  based  the  prediction  of  short* 
ness  of  proTlsloos  and  great  hardship  In  the  mining  region  btfore 
spring.  Nothing  but  an  enormous  Increase  In  the  number  of  rlrer 
boata  will  giro  the  facilities  that  will  be  demanded,  by  trarel  and 
freight  seeking  thii  route  In  18t8.  It  Is  Tory  doubtful  If  the  proTls- 
Ion  that  wlU  be  made  will  be  at  all  adequate  to  the  demand,  and  thla 
may  result  In  a  rery  high  rate  charged  for  trarel  by  this  route.  There 
are  a  great  many  projects  on  foot  to  get  new  steamera  upon  the  Yukon. 
Some  of  them  contemplate  the  sending  of  material  already  prepared, 
to  be  put  together  on  the  rlrer  bank,  while  others  plan  to  take  boata 
already  built,  either  towed  In  the  water  or  resting  on  tho  decks  of 
ocean  Tessels.  What  of  theee  many  enterprlsee  wlU  succeed  and  what 
wlU  fall  It  Is  impossible  to  predict,  but  It  may  safely  be  said  that  In 
one  way  or  another  there  will  be  a  large  addition  to  the  Yukon  rlTor 
fleet  In  1898,  yet  probably  not  sufllclent  to  the  demanda  of  trateL 

Steamers  naTti.atlng  the  Yukon  must  cut  thelt  own  fuel  tkom  the 
timber  growing  along  tho  rlrer.  The  companlee  now  baring  boata 
there  bare  wood  cut  and  piled  up  on  the  bank,  but  new  companlee 
would  hare  to  cut  their  own  as  they  went  along.  The  rlrer  la  nar* 
Igable  for  ordinary  rlrer  steamers  without  much  difficulty,  except  for 
100  miles  below  the  mouth  of  the  Porcupinob  where  It  Is  quite  shallow, 
owing  to  sediment  depoeited  from  the  latter  rlrer.  Here  at  tlmea  the 
channel  la  only  four  feet  In  depth.  The  rlrer  could  probably  be  nar- 
Igated  to  the  Lewla  and  up  that  stream  aa  far  aa  the  Whito  Horse 
rapids,  or  by  the  Hootallnqna  rlrer  to  Lake  Teslln,  as  Is  contemplated 
In  the  Stlckeen  route.  Pelly,  Stewart.  Tahkeena,  Porcupine^  Tanana. 
Koyokuk.  Anlrk,  White,  Birch,  Salmon  and  others  ars  alao  narlgable, 
making  In  all  sereral  tbousand  milea  of  narlgable  water  on  tho  Ynkon 


ALASKA,  I^B  NEW  BLDORADO' 


47 


Near  the  Bammlt  of  White  Paai. 


•ad  Ita  bnmchM,  aa  «r  which  may  be  rradarad  aTallaMa  bjr  tha  daTal- 
opaaat  of  tha  ooontry  within  a  Tarj  faw  yaafa. 


OBIIiOOOT  AND  WHITB  PABBBS. 

It  la  ImpJMaibla  to  aai»arata  tbaaa  twa  nmtaa  aeroaa  tha  Ooaat 
italaa  la  caaalderlpg  tha  aatranea  af  tha  Tnkon  cavatrj  by  way  oC 
thavpparlakaa.  Ala  la  tha  raata  takaa  by  tha  thaoaanda  who  raahad 
tathaBrtdMdatathalataaauMraf  iWf.  Bath  atart  fraas  tha  haad 
aC  Dyaa  (TUva,  ar  T^  aa  tt  la  nutoMly  valMK  ar  OhUcaaC  hriat.  ft 


in 


V 

...  I 

i 


i 


^ 


Si 


hi 


«•  ALASKA.  THB  NBW  BLDOBADO 

teaaeli  of  Ljtmi  cmwU  mim  1M  jbUw  Dortli  of  Joaoon.  TIm  hood  of 
tho  Inkt  la  forkod.  tbo  Ohllcoot  riTtr  flowing  Into  tho  woot.  or  Djoo, 
fork,  and  tho  Bkagiiay  rlT«r  flowtag  lato  tbooost,  or  Skagiiay,  fork. 
From  tiM  formor  tho  OklkooC  poM  Itodo  oofOM  tko  noaBtolna  IT  bUm 
to  Loko  LlndcmuiB,  oiid  from  cbo  lotttr  tko  Wblto  poM  loads  alao 
acraoa  tho  aumnilt  about  40  mites,  olthsr  to  Lako  Boimett  or  Lako 
TBflah. 

Tbo  rooptctlfs  merits  of  thsstf  two  paasss  havs  bsoa  moeh  dls* 
putod  tho  past  summor.  owing  to  tho  ozporlsnoss  of  thooo  whn  tilsd  to 
go  oTsr  thorn.  Htrotoforo  tho  Ohilcoot  pass  has  bstn  tho  roato  nssd, 
Indians  being  employed  to  iiack  goods  over  Its  steep  summit,  tho  price 
nntU  the  preeent  season  for  that  senrlce  being  about  11  eonta  per 
pound.  An  Indian  man  wUl  carry  at  one  time  from  M  to  liO  pounds, 
a  squaw  from  M  to  7t  pounds,  a  boy  of  1(  years  from  40  to  Tl  pounds, 
and  a  dog  about  40  pounds.  The  load  Is  lashed  upon  the  Indian's  back, 
so  that  the  straps  go  over  his  shoulders,  while  a  band  la  passed  under 
the  pack  and  orer  the  man's  head,  coming  ach^Dos  his  forehead.  With 
such  a  load  they  will  trarel  the  rugged  trail,  wading  swift  strsams, 
cumbering  over  rough  booMera  and  scaling  ley  steepe,  where  an  Inez* 
perienccd  white  man  could  not  go  with  a  quarter  of  the  weight.  Fred* 
ertck  Thurston  thus  dsscribes  the  trip  oTor  this  paia  In  April,  IMS: 

"Brery  two  or  three  hundred  yarde  the  entire  party  stopped  to 
rest  At  one  o'clock  we  rasched  the  forks  of  the  river,  seven  miles 
from  our  starting  point,  and  the  Indians  said  we  would  camp  for  the 
night.  They  were  completely  exhausted  by  floundering  through  the 
soft  snow  under  their  hooTy  pecks.  Half  of  the  next  day  was  spent  In 
wading  through  snow  from  three  to  sU  feet  deep,  to  tho  place  known 
as  Bheep  camp,  only  flvo  miles.  Our  camp  fOr  the  second  night  waa  at 
the  foot  of  the  threaded  pass  and  only  11  mllse  from  the  coast.  In  the 
early  morning  we  started.  LooklE^g  for  a  couple  of  mllee  up  a  largo 
gorgot  flanked  by  predpitoua  snow^caversd  mountains,  iro  cotild  mo 
%t  the  summit,  tbousanda  of  feet  above,  the  Uttle  notch  known  as 
Ohilcoot  pass.  The  Indians,  struggling  undsr  their  heavy  loads, 
stopped  for  breath  every  few  minutee.  We  four  white  men  had  the 
esasperating  task  of  dragging  along  two  empty  sleds.  At  sloven 
o'clock  we  bad  reavbed  the  foot  of  the  ascent.  From  here  to  tho  sum* 
mit  Is  only  half  a  mile,  but  the  angle  of  the  elope  la  about  4B  degrees. 
As  soon  as  the  Indiana  toaruMl  that  the  crust  of  >«e  snow  waa  hard 
and  nnyteldlBg  they  divided  tbo  packs,  Isaving  nearly  half  their  loads 
St  the  foot  of  the  sscent  for  a  second  trip.  One  of  the  men.  prodnelng 
a  strong  philted  Une  of  rawhldee,  about  100  feet  long,  passed  It  under 
overy  m«ii'<i  belt,  lashing  the  nlna  of  ne  together,  10  feet  apart  TIm 
man  at  tB«  head  of  the  line  cavried  a  hatehet,  and  as  we  advanced,  eat 
footholds  In  tho  kce  and  hard-packed  snow.  Hie  alopo  being  too  steep 
for  direct  ascent,  ww  reeorted  to  'algsatging.'  and  our  progresa  waa 
r  alnfuUy  slow,  as  ws  had  to  cut  every  step.  There  was  no  opportunity 
to  Mi  down  or  root,  and  we  kept  pegging  away  until  at  laet  we  stood  on 
the  ereet  of  snow  and  Ice  that  divides  the  valtey  of  the  Yukon  frooi  the 


'•^*S*i 


■'■"~1» 


ALASKA,  THE  NEW  ELDORADO 


•M,  Uiree  horn*  after  lathing  ovnalraa  togcUiar.  On  the  anmialt  wa 
threw  oonelTea  down  apoa  the  anow  aad  rfaMlnad  BMtloiplcea  for  half 
as  hour.  Then  the  Indiana  went  hack  after  the  remainder  of  the 
pacha,  rrtumlnff  In  two  honra. 

"The  naa  of  the  two  aleda  that  had  been  brought  along  tmpij  waa 
now  apparent,  and  on  them  waa  loaded  and  aecnrely  atrapped  down 
the  thonsand  ponnda  of  atnff  the  Indiana  had  carried  to  the  anmoBlt. 
Down  grade  we  atarted  on  the  northern  aide  of  the  range.  For  the 
flrot  half  mile  down  the  glaaay  alope  it  waa  a  wIM  ride.  The  aleda, 
each  with  two  men  In  addition  to  Ita  load  of  MO  ponnda,  flew  down 
grade  with  the  apecd  of  an  eiprcea  train.  It  waa  well  they  were  of  oak 
and  the  mnnera  ahod  with  ateel,  for  aometlmca  thej  would  dear  the 
anow  for  10  feet  at  a  bonnd.  The  aled  ahead  of  the  one  I  waa  on 
atmck  an  nneren  place  aad  went  over.  Ita  laahlngn  broke,  and  for  a 
few  brief  aeconda  the  air  waa  flUed  with  roUo  of  Manketa.  aldea  of 
bacon,  mining  toola  and  eameat,  aonlfnl  profanity.  Onr  aled,  coming 
on  to  a  gentler  alope,  and  aofter  anow,  waa  eTentually  atopped  wlthont 
dloaater.  In  half  an  hoqr  the  other  el^  waa  reloaded  and  Joined  na. 
We  were  now  out  of  the  gorge  oa  a  sort  ef  bench,  or  flat,  corered 
with  soft  Bnow.«  We  got  Into  the  hamcas  and,  puahlng  and  pulling, 
■trnggled  on  In  the  hope  of  reacnlng  I^ake  Lln^lerman  before  night 
When  night  came  the  air  waa  full  of  flying  enow,  and  we  were  ao 
weakened  u«  hunger  that  we  decided  to  abandon  the  aleda  until  the 
next, day.  Taking  each  a  rail  of  blanketa  we  atmck  down  a  ravine 
which  we  correctly  Judged  waa  a  tributary  of  Lake'Llndenlian." 

That  night  they  camped  In  the  anow,  with  nothing  to  eat,  went 
back  for  their  tledo  the  nest  day  aad  were  all  day  getting  them  down 
to  the  camping  place,  where  they  had  their  flrat  meal  fbr  IT  hou^ 
The  next  day,  by  great  exertloa,  they  dragged  both  aleda  to  the  bank 
of  Lake  IJaderman,  the  head  of  the  Yukon  ayatem  of  lakea  and  rlTara. 
On  the  froaen  ourface  of  the  hikea  they  amde  good  prograaa,  coTerlng 
Ita  entire  length  aad  the  ehort  portage  to  Lahe  Bennett,  N  milea,  In 
one  day.  The  next  day,  rigging  up  aalla  from  tent  fliea,  they  propelled 
their  aleda  by  wind  M  mllea  acroaa  Lake  Bennett,  and  then  dragged 
them  along  the  bank  of  the  bbmU  atrcam  connecting  It  with  I-ake 
Narta.  Two  daya  of  hard  work  took  them  over  Lake  Taglah  and  to 
the  ihore  of  Lake  Marek,  wbere^  the  enow  becoadng  aoft  and  the  Ice 
beginning  to  break  up,  they  went  Into  camp  aad  bulH  a  boat  tnm  lum> 
her  whlp>oawed  out  of  the  aurtouadlng  treee.  In  which  they  made  the 
reaaalnder  ef  the  Journey  down  the  lakea  aad  ilTer  la  Party-Mlla,  their 
deatlnatlon. 


the  above  account  of  craaaiag  the  Ohllkoot  paia,  H 

tWgectua  that  the  Jouraey  waa  made  at  the  meal  fhreva- 

eraealag  la  aammac,  whea  the  lalao  pradaeo 

ef  Iho  trett  la  lapaaid  by  diaappearaaco  of 

bo  need  far  iiawlafl  Iha  aappiie^  la  a  far 

laafe.  Ilia IMa  whMi  naiini  H m ditall  far  Ifca  mm- 

to  Dyaa  la  gut  arar  the  aammH  wfib  tbakr  teat  of 


j^ummm 


AI«ABKA.  THB  NIW  BLDOBADO 


If 


fralglit  If uek  iMTO  packtaff  wm  mcmmiTi  wMte  omb  wammA  to  tb* 
work  comM  pack  bvt  Uttle.  aad  tkaf*  ww*  not  MMOgh  IndloM  to  do  tte 
work.  Tbo  Indlont  bcgoB  bj  ehorglDff  17  cMta  a  poaad  and  aodad  bf 
pattiBg  tho  prlco  up  to  40  cent*.  Thoaf  who  had  bat  Uttla  atuff  aod 
could  pay  tho  prko  war*  taken  OTcr.  Tha  othara  had  to  nwko  anch 
ahlft  aa  thay  eonld  (or  thamaalTca.  Many  anccaadad  In  gattlng  ovar 
with  a  portkm  only,  arjd  atlU  othara  did  not  gat  OTar  at  all.  In  tha 
aprtng,  aftar  tho  flarco  atorma  hara  caaaad,  thoao  raoMlnlnff  and  tha 
thoaaanda  who  will  Join  tham  will  ba  abia  to  gat  orar  moch  mora  aaaily 
and  ba  at  tha  lakca  by  tha  tlma  tha  lea  braaka  up,  to  that  thay  can  go 
down  tha  rlrar.  Thara  la  a  project  on  (0<>t  to  build  a  tramway  at  tha 
auntmlt  of  tha  paM,  to  hanl  gooda  up  tha  ataapeat  placo,  and  If  thia  la 
done,  It  will  alnpllfy  matteri  materially. 

Aa  to  the  White  paina,  tbo  axparlence  there  wae  diaaatrona.  Being 
about  a  thouiand  feet  lower  than  tha  Chllkoot,  It  waa  at  once  euppoaed 
that  la  waa  eaelar  to  croea.  uotwlthelandlng  the  axperlenced  Indian 
packera  narer  uaa  It.  BTen  if  It  were  not.  the  crowding  of  the  Ohilkoot 
paHa  and  the  exactlona  of  the  Indian  packera  were  enough  to  aend  the 
crowd  to  Skaguay,  where,  aleo^  freight  could  be  much  more  eaally  and 
aafely  landed  trtm  the  ateamer.  It  waa  aoon  found  that  tha  Skaguay 
trail  led  acroae  marehea,  which  were  eoon  rendered  Impaeeanle  by  In- 
ccaaant  rain  ^od  conatant  «*w,  up  gorgea  ao  atrewn  with  rough  bouldera 
that  a  home  could  a««arcely  be  leil  oTer  them,  along  ateep  preclplcea, 
where  a  mlaetep  would  eaud  horae  and  pack  to  deatructlon,  and  up 
aicenta  almoat  aa  ateep  ae  that  of  the  Ohilkoot  aummlt  No  loaa  than 
1,000  peraoua,  unorgaulaed  and  each  man  working  for  himaelf.  with 
mora  than  a  thouMod  pack  animale,  crowded  the  trail  and  for  a  long 
time  could  make  no  progreaa.  The  marah  waa  corduroyed,  but  the  toga 
could  tot  be  kept  In  place.  Hundreda  of  animala  mirad  down  and 
wera  ahot  or  left  to  die  aa  they  were.  Othera  fell  orer  preclplcea.  Men 
were  hoartleea  and  cruel,  ■oma  of  the  more  energetic  formed  a  com- 
mittee and  proceedM  to  work  on  the  trail.  Bonldera  wera  blaated  and 
the  marah  waa  cordurayed  to  better  effect.  Aa  a  raault  of  three 
montha  of  effort  a  few  hundreda  of  tha  moat  actlra  and  beat  agnlppad 
aucceeded  In  getting  orer  with  all  their  outllt,  and  othera  by  abandon- 
ing a  portton.  while  the  great  majority,  baring  made  but  little  progreaa. 
ratumed  as  beat  theiy  couM  to  the  new  town  of  Ikaguay,  to  Juneau, 
and  aren  further  aouth.  either  abandoning  the  Journ^^y  entlraly  or  to 
wait  until  aprlng. 

After  an  examination  of  the  ■kaguay  trail,  U.  H.  ■tratch,  a  min- 
ing engineer,  thua  raported  upon  It  lata  In  Auguat: 

"Bkaguay  valley  waa  once  occupli>d  by  a  huge  ghider.  Near  the 
lawer  end,  the  rocko  ara  ancient  acdimentary  or  atratldad  depaalta. 
with  innumerable  dikea  ami  atrlngera  of  granite  aaphalt.  but  all  the 
upper  porilona  of  the  ralley,  and  the  aummlt  a(  the  range,  ara  nothing 
but  a  very  coarae  granite,  without  aay  trace  of  any  atmctnra.  but  with 
rary  atrongly  marked,  nearly  horlaontal.  bedding  placea,  cut  by  naarly 
fartlcal  aledge  Jalnti. 


Itt. 
ila- 


lh« 
llth 

Irty 


ALA8KA,  TBI  NEW  ELDORADO 


BIrdwjr*  Vtaw  vf  Djta  aWI  Bkafvajr  awl  tk*  Psm. 

*Tto  •«(lM  •#  tk»  lv«  wkldi  fwrnarl/  plovglMd  Um  way  tfawa  tha 
valay,  kaa  gramMI  thaaa  raeka  ta  pallaka4  aarfacaa,  tka  Tarttoal  facaa 
I  aalr  a  fWw  MrtwM,  wMla  Ifea  fcartwtol  taMbaa,  batata  Iha 


tt 


ALASKA,  THB  NEW  BLDOBADO 


]\ 


ti     ■     .4 


>W 


•4T«0t  •(  tk*  goM  BMlMn,  w«nt  eoTwad  wltk  •  thick  cuptt  •( 
u4  UekMib  which,  though  with  hat  a  t«t  tna  hold  oa  tho  raeka, 
goTO ••would  oatloteetovy  foothold.  Oaly  la  a  fow  ptacoo  uo  thoro 
pohbloo  or  booldon,  mad  bat  fow  rack  olldooj  bat  whoro  thooo  do  oslot, 
tho  lodlTldaal  booldon  oro  oohufo  ond  B»sso«d  oo  Irrogatariy.  that 
tniTol  o^or  thoB  lo  moro  dlflkalt  than  ovor  tho  oolld  aabrokoa  bonchoo. 
Of  oarth  thoro  lo  practically  bodo,  bat  la  tho  coarM  of  agco  a  Mack 
▼ogotaUo  mack  has  accamalatod  la  ooino  of  tho  crovlcoo  aad  la  pot- 
hdoo  ahmg  tho  rlTor  bottom.  Scrabby  CImbov,  oproco,  birch,  aad  alder, 
dado  ^  foothold  la  tho  croTlcco,  tho  latter  chiefly  la  tho  wottor  bottom*, 
aad  oTor  such  aiatorlal  tho  trail  flado  lt«  way.  DIotaocoo  from  Bka- 
fuay  are  aa  foUowo:  Pint  croeolag  of  river,  IH  mllco:  ead  of  road, 
%%  mllco;  Saiall  lake,  5  aUleo;  Porcaplao  creek,  1%  mlleo;  eecoad  crooe- 
lag  of  rlTor  bridge,  IIH  mlleo;  third  erooeiag  of  .river  bridge.  11^ 
mlleo;  f oarth  crooelog  of  riTor  bridge,  14Vi  mlleo;  llfth  crooslog  of  riTor, 
ford,  ITH  mlleo;  summit.  It  mlleo;  Meadows,  M  mlleo;  pike  Beaaott, 
41  mlleo. 

"FlTo  mllfo  out,  at  tho  hike,  tho  eloratloa  Is  4M  foot;  tho  trail 
quickly  asceado  to  110  feet;  thea  slaka  to  470  at  Porcaplao  creek,  la 
a  short  dlstaaco.  tho  oloTatloa  Is  1400.  aad  the  poth  ilgiago  dqwa  to  tho 
oecood  crosslog.  100  feot'oloTatloa.  Tho  fourth  ridge  Is  1400  feet  abOTO 
the  sea.  aad  tbe  trail  almost  at  oaco  goeo  upward  to  tlOO  foot.  A  do- 
oceot  Is  thoo  made  to  the  ford.  liOO  feet  high,  aad  thea  comeo  th^llmb 
to  tbe  oummlt,  aa  oloTatkm  of  tMO  feet.  Prom  this  polat  to  tho  lakeo 
the  trail  Is  aot  eatremely  dlfllcalt." 

Ur.  Stretch  says  there  Is  ao  daager  to  huaiaa  life  la  awklag  tho 
trip. 

Dyea  trail  was  reported  oa  about  tho  same  time  by  Joha  A.  miler, 
a  railroad  eoglaeor. 

"A  good  road,"  ho  soyo.  **exteads  for  eight  mlleo;  thea  It  goto 
maddy.  but  aot  very  bad.  Pack  tralae  of  hersss  amko  tho  rooad  trip 
lo  Sheep  Oamp.  14  mlleo.  la  a  day.  carrylag  tiO  pouado.  From  there 
to  the  foot  of  tho  hUi  tho  road  Is  aot  so  good,  aad  here  lo  whoro  tho 
oeokers  for  gold  are  delayed  on  thio  trail.  For  aboat  two  mlleo  tho  dif* 
Scoltleo  to  bo  oTorcusM  are  equally  as  bad  ao  oa  tho  Skaguay  trail,  but. 
huTiag  aaco  gottea  over  the  summit,  tho  trail  Is  comparatively  easy. 

"After  tslklag  with  rellablo  bmo.  who  havo  aothlog  at  vtake  aad 
who  bave  beea  over  both  trolls;  after  talklag  with  ladlaao.  wtio  kaow 
every  lack  of  tho  country,  oad  after  my  owa  eiporfeaco  oa  the  two 
trails,  1  caa  oaly  coom  to  oae  ooacluoioa,  aad  that  Is,  at  tho  prooeht 
lime  tho  Dyea  trail  Is  tho  oaly  practical  oae,  aad  It  lo  gottlag  too  lato 
to  attempt  that  aow." 

A  plala  but  truthful  acoouat  of  tho  actual  eoudltloa  of  affairs  oa 
the  two  trailo  durtag  tho  third  week  la  August,  at  tho  height  of  tho 
rush,  is  givea  by  S.  Boasoo.  of  Portlaad.  Ho  Is  iMaager  of  tho  Boasoa 
Uagglag  C?ompoay.  sad  weat  up  to  see  If  It  woo  praetloal  to  employ 
some  of  the  devlceo  uted  la  logglog  to  traaoport  goods  over  tho  passes. 
Ho  weat  over.  Ohilkoot  pass  to  I,ako  Uadorama  aad  rotoraed  by 


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ALASKA,  THE  NEW  ELUORADO 


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White's  pasa.  He  l«  of  the  opinion  that  Ohilkoot  paaa,  though  atceper. 
is  the  moat  practical  Though  he  found  a  greater  number  on  the 
Bkaguay  trail,  the  dlfBcnltlea  were  m  much  greater  than  on  the  other 
they  were  making  poor  progrcea,  while  on  the  Ohilkoot  trail  the  men 
wera  getting  ilong  fairly  well.  He  has  reported  faTorably  on  a  tram- 
way for  Ohilkoot  paaa,  and  one  may  be  put  In  by  the  company  he  rep- 
reaenti.    He  said  of  the  two  passes: 

"I  reached  Sheep  Oamp,  the  main  atopplng  place  on  thla  aide  of 
the  anmmlt  of  the  Ohilkoot  paaa,  eaally,  aa  I  had  no  burden.  I  found 
probably  1100  peraona  and  4S  horaea  on  the  trail  between  the  aummlt 
and  Dyca.  1  walked  acroaa  the  trail  from  aalt  water  to  Lake  Llnder- 
man.  a  dlatance  estimated  to  be  IT  mllsa,  In  14  honn.  The  trail  Is 
eztnmely  rough,  and  not  passable  for  horses  for  a  distance  of  IH 
miles  on  the  Dyea  side  of  the  summit.  The  animals  ara  made  to  carry 
packs  to  the  beginning  of  this  point,  where  the  loads  ara  taken  off 
and  carried  orer  by  human  beings,  the  horses  being  drlTcn  over  loose. 
The  packs  ara  replaced  when  the  summit  Is  passed  and  carried  by  the 
horses  until  IjSke  Llndemtan  Is  reached.  Between  the  Yukon  side 
of  the  summit  and  Lake  Linderman  then  wera  about  It  persons,  and 
at  Lake  Linderman  thera  wera  IIS  campera.  These  latter  wera  mak* 
Ing  their  boats  and  water  craft  for  the  trip  down  the  lakes  and  rirer. 
Although  timber  seema  scarce,  thera  Is  sufficient  to  supply  the  demand 
for  boat  lumber.  The  largcat  tree  1  saw  was  eight  Inches  In  diameter 
at  the  butt.  AU  hera  were  whipsawing,  and  It  required  a  good  stroug 
man  about  three  daya  to  icet  his  outfit  ready  for  the  Toyage.  I  went  to 
Lake  Bennett  and  found  a  email  aawmlll  operating  thera.  The  owner 
told  me  he  had  orders  to  keep  him  running  for  six  weeks. 

"From  r^ke  Bennett  I  started  back  orer  the  Skaguay  trail,  walk- 
Ing  a  distance  of  II  milea  In  IIH  houra.  My  flrat  day'a  Journey  brought 
me  near  the  aummlt,  whera  I  camped  for  the  night  .nnd  ralnly  tried  to 
sleep.  When  I  rose  In  the  moraing  my  covera  wera  white  with  frost. 
1  found  Tery  few  people  had  gotten  through,  although  thera  waa  a 
Irast  on  the  other  side  making  the  endeavor.  Next  morning  I  crossed 
the  summit  and  crossed  down  on  this  side.  The  lint  thing  I  struck 
waa  a  rirer.  knee  deep,  that  had  to  be  forded,  which  waa  the  coldeat 
water  I  ever  felt  From  near  the  summit  down  on  the  coast  side  thera 
was  a  mass  of  men  and  horsss.  working,  struggling  and  atralning  to 
reach  the  top.  I  counted  many  and  estimated  the  remainder,  placing 
the  whole  number  of  peraona  trying  thla  trial  at  between  3100  and  IMO, 
with  about  1000  harass.  Along  the  trail  wera  numerous  dead  horaea, 
whera  they  had  fallen  over  rocka  or  aunk  eibanated  In  the  mira.  I 
noTer  aaw  men  work  like  tboae  people  did.  Their  aplrita  asamsd  high, 
hut  they  wera  laboring  like  demons  from  eariy  until  late.  Men  who 
wera  from  atoroa  and  unnaad  to  maanal  labor  wera  getting  Into  the 
barneaa  with  a  vigor  that  asamsd  ImpesalMe. 

**lt  la  hard  t«  daaerfbo  the  dl«enltlaa  that  wera  eMonntersd  •• 
thla  trail  and  wove  Impadinf  that  arasa  af  hnnMnlty  ao  that  the  4H- 
taMa  tnm  tha  canal  la  Iha  ouimH  of  N  allca  waa  rs««lrtag  •  laM 


mumfi. 


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ALASKA.  THB  NVW  feLDOBADO 


tin*  to  covar.  Tb*  trail  iMkto  atong  a  cmijob  that  kM  !■  tk«  bed  • 
•■mU  bat  awlft  «ad  tanlbly  cold  ttrtMB.  Tb«  road  to  M»t  to  tb«  bot- 
tom. It  wind!  along  tbo  aldo  bUto.  probably  ICM  fMt  abova  tba  wator. 
tban  dlpa  down  acroaa  tbo  botUmi  and  op  tbo  otber  aldo  to  about  tbo 
■amo  tfoTatkw.  Tbto  cbango  from  .ono  aldo  to  tbo  otbor  takoa  placo 
tbrco  or  four  tlmoa,  tboa  making  ono  dlmb  a  great  deal  more  blUa  tban 
la  neceeaary  on  tbe  Cbllkoot  paaa.  Tbe  eurfaco  of  tbe  bUleldee  preeenta 
tbo  grcaoat  dlfflcultleo.  'Jlie  trail  for  tbo  moot  part  la  on  a  bed  of 
bouldera  tbat  are  etremely  bard  to  climb  over.  At  ptocco  betveen 
tbem  tbere  will  bo  formed  a  Terltable  mire,  whlcb  la  not  aoll,  but  a 
growtb  of  moaa  and  peat  tbat  quickly  becomeo  mud  beneatb  tramping. 
In  tbo  bottom  of  tbeee  mlree  will  be  a  bed  of  abarp  atonco  tbat  cut  tbe 
bonea  frlgbtfnlly  wblle  tbey  are  wallowing  tbrougb  tbem.  Mucb  time 
la  alao  loot  In  tbo  pasaing  of  going  and  returuing  boraeo.  All  of  a 
man'a  pack  la  not  on  one  animal,  and  wben  be  go«a  a  distance  be  lin- 
loads  and  returns  tc  get  tbe  remainder.  Tbla  causes  ono  string  of 
borsea  to  be  paiwlng  back  wblle  tbere  la  anotber  going  forward.  Tbere 
are  only  few  pbices  wbere  tbey  can  pass  eacb  otber,  and  you  will  see 
lines  of  400  and  600  borses  standing  waiting  for  otbera  to  pass.  In  this 
manner  some  are  kept  waiting  nearly  all  tbe  time.  I  do  not  belleTO 
tbat  more  tban  a  rery  suiaU  per  cent,  of  tb  -  men  on  tbe  Bkaguay 
trail  will  reaob  tbe  summit  before  snow  flies.  It  la  an  Impoaslblllty 
for  mauy  to  do  so^  and  tbe  remainder  will  bave  a  wild  bope  before 
tbem." 

DOWN  THB  YUKON. 

Wbetber  one  reacbes  tbe  lakes  at  the  bead  of  tbe  Yukon  by  tbo 
Cbllkoot  or  White  pass,  the  remslnder  of  the  Journey  to  Dawson  Is  tbe 
same.  He  must  build  a  boat  and  deacend  tbe  chain  of  lakea  and  tbe 
I.«wla  and  Yukon  rlrers,  a  distance  of  about  6M  miles.  There  la 
nothing  specially  dlfllcult  or  dangerous  about  this  Journey,  except  a 
few  short  portages,  and  the  pasMge  of  lU'es  canyon  and  White  Horse 
rapids,  yet  It  Is  necessary  to  exercise  care  and  common  sense  along  the 
entira  route. 

Tbe  flrat  thing  necessary  la  to  eonatruet  a  boat.  A  raft  abould  not 
be  trusted,  llinera  have  always  taken  whipaaws  along  to  uae  In  cut- 
ting up  timber  for  boats.  Tlie  treea  are  email  and  It  takea  about  a 
week  to  cut  up  tbo  timber  and  anotber  to  build  tbo  boat  Nails  and 
oakum  abould  be  a  part  of  erery  outflt  by  tbla  route.  Tbero  la  now  a 
small  sawmill  on  I^ke  Bennett,  but  Is  was  tbto  year  entirely  unable 
to  supply  lumber  for  all  tbo  boata  needed,  and  most  of  tbe  minora  had 
to  build  their  own.  Boats  soM  at  |IM  to  |S00  on  Lake  Bennett.  Tbo 
timber  near  tbe  bead  of  tbe  toko  baa  all  been  cut,  and  ono  now  baa  to 
go  back  two  or  three  milea  for  timber,  or  pay  a  good  price  to  bare  bis 
stuff  fralghted  In  a  acow  to  tbe  foot  of  tbe  toke,  whera  timber  la  atlU 
ptontlful.  A  groat  many  boata  wera  taken  to  Dyea  and  Bkaguay,  soma 
In  aectlona  and  aome  In  plecen,  but  ao  far  aa  baa  been  toaraod,  few  If 
any  of  these  wero  taken  acrosa  the  summit,  and  tbe  advice  of  those 


AI«ASKA,  THE  NEW  ELDORADO 


wbo  bare  examined  the  condltlonB  and  retamed  or  written  of  tbeir 
ezperiencea,  la  not  to  attempt  to  take  boata  over  tbe  pasa,  bnt  to  bnlld 
tbem  on  tbe  lakes. 

Tbose  wbo  go  In  early  In  tbe  aprlng  can  bnlld  tbeIr  boats,  put  tbem 
on  mnners  and  draw  or  sail  tfiem  on  tbe  Ice  of  tbe  lakea  till  tbe  rlrer 
Is  reached  and  tbe  ice  breaks  op,  aa  was  done  by  tbe  Funston  party. 
preTlonsly  spoken  of.  Tbose  wbo  reacb  tbe  lakes  later  can  nse  botb 
sail  and  oar.  Tbe  boat  most  be  made  strong  to  endnre  tbe  strain  It 
will  receive.  In  naTlgatIng  tbe  lakea  and  rlrer*  tbe  accompanying  map 
will  be  found  oaeful,  tbe  directions  It  glrea  being  explicit.  Tbe  route, 
leada  tbrougb  La|ie  LInderman,  alx  miles,  a  portage  to  Lake  Bennett 
of  one  mile,  down' tbe  lake  24  miles,  tbrougb  Cariboo  crossing  to  lAke 
Taglsb  two  miles,  down  tbe  lake  If  miles,  by  rirer  to  Lake  Marsb  sis 
miles,  across  tbe  lake  It  miles,  down  rlrer  to  Miles  canyon  li  miles, 
tbree^uarters  of  a  mile  tbrougb  tbe  canyon,  to  Wblte  Horse  raplda 
two  miles  and  a  balf  a  mile  tbrougb  tbem,  to  Lake  LeBarge  30  miles, 
down  tbe  lake  SI  miles,  down  tbe  Lewis  and  Yukon  rirers,  passing 
HootaUnqua  rirer  at  SO  miles,  Big  Salmon  t4  mllcj.  Little  Salmon  S7 
milea,  Plre  Finger  raplda  02  miles.  Rink  raplda  €H  miles,  Pelly  river 
BS  miles,  White  rirer  tT  miles,  Stewart  rirer  f  miles,  Sixty-Mile  rirer 
SI  miles,  Dswson  City  60  miles,  Fo^-Mlle  60  miles.  Circle  City  360 
miles. 

The  actual  expvrlencea  of  a  iiarty  making  tbe  Journey  from  I^ke 
LInderman  to  Dawson  In  June,  IttT,  Is  glren  In  tbe  following  letter 
from  Milton  MIssmore,  of  Tortlsud: 

"We  camped  eight  daya  at  the  bead  of  Lake  LInderman,  build- 
ing a  boat.  We  were  compelled  to  go  back  two  or  three  miles  for 
suitable  timber  for  the  lumber,  as  tbe  trees  there  are  small,  and  tbose 
lit  for  lumber  are  scarce.  We  Anally  got  aboard  otir  craft  and  headed 
down  the  lake  with  a  strong  wind  at  our  backs.  The  wind  wss  a  lltUe 
too  strong,  and  we  ablpped  sereral  whItecaiM  before  we  reacbetl  the 
foot  of  tbe  lake,  alx  mIlea  distant,  which  waa  covered  In  two  hours 
Here  we  were  compelled  to  portage  acrosa  to  I^ke  Bennett,  a  distance 
of  three^uarters  of  a  mile.  The  stream  connecting  tbe  two  lakes  Is 
small,  very  swift  and  strewn  with  Iwulders,  which  endanger  a  boat. 
We  guided  ours  through  with  tbe  aid  of  ropes,  after  packing  our  goods 
to  the  desired  spot. 

"At  tbe  bead  of  I^ake  Bennett,  we  found  quite  a  village  of  tents, 
belonging  to  campers  engaged  In  building  boats  for  the  Journey  down 
the  lakes  ami  rivers.  This  has  been  tbe  place  for  building  tioats  to 
navigate  these  streams  for  uisny  years,  and  the  timber  for  either 
boata  or  rafta  has  been  used  up  for  several  miles  back.  Furiher  down 
the  lake,  about  SO  miles,  there  la  an  Hbundance  of  line  timber.  There 
la  a  SBMll  portable  sawmlU  at  the  bead  of  Lake  Bennett,  bnt  the 
denMnd  last  spring  waa  so  great  for  lumber  that  It  could  not  near 
All  It.  We  were  detained  here  one  day  by  bcsd  winda,  bnt  on  tbe  after- 
noon of  June  IB  wo  pulled  out  down  tb*  lake,  naing  o«r  oara  all  the 
way  down,  and  thw  Making  the  SI  mlleo  to  tbo  f^ot  by  nest  morning. 


T 


ALASKA,  THE  NBW  BLDOBADO 


Hi 


**BtM  W*  MtMCd  a 

TMtok,  and  w«rt  carried  by  a  stroac  corrMit  down  to  tba  ktad  9t  tha 
lattar,  Just  four  mUea,  tvrj  qulcklj.  Pracaadlof  dowa  tkla  laat  lakt 
■a  faw  mllaa,  wa  ouna  abccaat  of  Wlady  Ana,  of  whleh  wa.had  baaa 
wamad.  Thlo  la  a  loof  arm  coming  Intp  tha  laka  from  tha  aoathaaat, 
and  tba  conntiy  formation  la  anch  tliat  a  atrong  wind  atrlkaa  tha  laka 
from  thla  direction.  In  accordanco  with  onr  Inatmctlona,  wa  kapt  w^ 
to  tha  oppoalto  tlda,  and  when  the  wind  atmek  na,  had  plantj  of  sea 
room  to  eall  atralght  through.  Some  of  the  boata  we  fell  In  with  dM 
not  take  thla  precaution,  and  ware  Uowa  to  the  ahore.  where  they  were 
compelled  to  puU  with  theSr  oara  for  eoToral  houra  hefore  getting  dear, 

"From  Lake  Thglah  we  drifted  down  to  another  lake,  named  Lake 
If arah.  This  la  a  long,  ahallow  body  of  water,  aad  onr  boat  etmek 
bottom  ecTeral  tlmea  aTon  when  the  lake  waa  flTa  mllea  wide  .  In  trav* 
eUng  Ita  distance  of  10  miles,  we  eaw  many  flab,  but  they  would  not 
bite. 

"FYom  thla  lake  we  entered  the  rlTor  of  terrors.  When  we  had 
left  Lake  Marsh  about  26  mllea.  we  saw  a  red  flag  floating  on  the 
right  shore,  and  several  bandana  handkerchiefs  nailed  to  poeta  and 
trees.  We  recognised  this  as  a  warning  that  we  were  entering  the 
dreaded  Miles  canyon.  The  current  waa  Tory  strong  here,  and  It  waa 
with  difllculty  that  we  succeeded  In  landing  our  boat  a  few  hundred 
feet  aboTe  the  mouth  of  the  canyon.  Here  we  found  some  other  boats 
that  had  landed  to  take  a  look  before  the  leap  (a  thing  which  etery  one 
going  through  this  place  should  do).  The  more  we  looked  the  less  we 
Ukfd  the  aspect,  but  as  the  only  altematlTo  Is  a  rock  ridge  portage  of 
a  mile  In  Ittogtb,  which  few  will  undertake,  we  at  last  shoTsd  out  Into 
the  stream  and  headed  for  the  middle  of  the -canyon's  mouth.  The 
auspense  was  very  brief,  for  we  were  shooting  through  the  canyon  In 
a  moment.  We  got  through  all  right,  with  but  little  water  In  the  boat, 
but  enough-  to  land  and  ball  out.  The  canyon  Is  three-quarters  of  a 
mile  long,  and  the  sidea  are  perpendicular  Muffs  from  SM  to  SOO  feat 
high.  The  water  In  the  middle  of  the  channel  Is  much  higher  than  at 
the  sides,  and  a  boat  must  be  kept  as  near  It  as  possible,  aa.  If  It  strikes 
any  of  the  rocks  on  the  sides,  going  at  the  rate  of  three-quarters  of  a 
mile  In  two  minutes.  It  would  be  dashed  to  plecea.  The  boat  muat  be 
kept  head  on,  alao,  as  the  water  rolls  up  stream  like  the  breakera  of 
the  ocean.   If  a  boat  of  ordinary  else  goto  sidewlse.  It  Is  sure  to  upeet. 

"The  rlTor  for  two  miles  below  the  rapids  Is  not  much  better  than 
the  stream  while  In  the  canyon.  When  we  launched  again  and  started 
on.  we  struck  several  bouhlers  with  more  or  less  force,  all  of  which  we 
found  It  IniiMMslble  to  avoid.  We  commenced  Immediately  to  poll  for 
the  left  bank,  and  reached  It  about  two  miles  below.  Just  as  we  came 
onto  another  of  the  odious  red  flags.  This*  was  the  signal  that  the 
White  Horse  rapids  were  ahead.  Aa  we  had  had  enough  excitement  for 
one  day,  we  camped  for  the  night. 

"We  learned  that  four  boats  had  run  the  White  Horse  raplda  the 
day  before,  and  that  two  more  would  try  It  In  the  morning.    The  flrat 


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ALASKA.  THE  NEW  ELDORADO 


IT 


to  ti7  It  wai  A  battMO,  about  U  fctt  loag,  contalalof  fonr  bmo  aad  a 
toB  of  proTlalont.  W«  wttehod  thooi  go  through,  which  waa  doa* 
apparently  In  good  atjio,  hut  when  thtj  got  htlow  tho  falla,  thay  puUad 
for  fhort  In  graat  haate.  Upon  !n?aatlgatlon  It  waa  found  thoj  had 
■hippMl  taough  water  to  dauago  a  quantltj  of  thair  freight.  The 
tecond  was  a  large  acow  with  aereral  men  ahoard,  and  eight  or  ten 
toM  of  proTlelone.  They  went  OTor,  but  bj  the  tine  thej  could  reach 
tbe  ehore  below,  they  wCre  aettllng  In  the  water  badly.  They  had 
hoocked  a  large  hole  In  the  bottom.  While  atanding  below  the  raplda 
we  Mw  a  lot  of  atnff  cone  floating  down,  which  waa  OTldence  that 
none  nnfortunnte  had  been  upaet.  We  got  aonne  to  ahore  aafely,  hut 
•aw  a  rallM  that  we  afterwards  lear/'Hl  contained  IMO  float  right  near 
and  sink.  The  wreck  waa  the  renntiiite  of  a  party  of  two  and  their 
boat  that  had  come  from  the  rapMa  we  had  Just  paseed.  Their  boat 
was  too  light  for  them  and  aank  In  the  lilies  rapids.  They  clung  to 
th«  oTertumcd  boat  until  luckily  rescued,  but  lost  'iioat.  outflt  and 
•rerything  else  saTc  their  llTce. 

"The  sight  of  theee  things  persuaded 'us  not  to  attempt  White 
Hone  rapids,  and  with  the  assistance  of  others,  who  were  aided  In 
a  like  manner  by  us.  we  let  our  boat  down  to  within  100  feet  of  the 
falls  with  a  long  rspe.  and  then  took  It  onto  a  point  of  land  and 
scooted  It  oter  to  the  rlTor  below,  without  any  loss  whatSTer.    The 

crowd  that  was  there  mutually  aiding  each  other  all  got  over  In  this 
maaaer  In  Ats  hours. 

"These  rsplds  are  three-fourths  of  a  mile  long.  After  passlitR  them 
we  drifted  down  the  rUer  tB  miles,  until  we  reached  Lake  LaBarge. 
ThiK  In  the  largeet  of  the  lakes  we  pessed  through,  lieing  If  mllee  long 
by  10  wide.  Wi  encountered  head  winds  here,  maklag  us  Just  41 
hours  In  getting  through.  Vpon  leaeiag  this  lake  we  entered  Thirty- 
Mile  rlrer.  so  called  from  Its  length.  This  stream  and  the  Hootallnqna 
at  their  onfluence  form  the  Lewis.  Thirty-Mile  rteer.  when  '^e  passed. 
wss  siMMit  the  width  of  the  Willamette,  and  the  HootallnquL  was 
alMMit  the  width  of  the  Columbia,  the  two  together  maklap  a  mighty 
str4>sm.  Thirty-Mile  Is  rery  rapid,  and  has  some  sunken  tNNilders  that 
make  it  dangerous  If  caution  Is  not  exercised.  The  ll<i«talloqua  was 
on  the  warpath  when  we  reached  It.  r^jnlng  like  a  mlllrare,  and  very 
mutldjr.  Wecsmped  Immedhitelf  sfter  reaching  the  lloetallnqiia,  sod 
the  oeit  day  ran  to  within  four  miles  of  Kit e-PIr  ft  rapids,  a  distsaee 
of  III  mllee  In  II  houra.  Plee-ringer  rapids  sr  >  conceded  to  Ite  more 
dangeroua  thaa  Mllee  raplda.  whkh  we  had  ru' . 

"l  lee  hundred  and  ten  wile*  from  Jub'  an  the  LewH  sod  Trtly 
rirers  flow  tagsthtf.  forming  the  Yukon,  oe  /  of  the  greoteet  rieers  on 
the  Amoflcnn  continent.  In  asany  placee  'i  Is  more  than  flee  miles  in 
width,  and  In  othera  narrower,  but  deer,  and  flow'ng  with  r  Strang 
enrrent.  Yon  cnnnot  bf  any  nMona  go  * '  alsap  and  let  your  boat  drift 
TWre  are  a  multitude  of  Islnnda,  aor.ettasso  fonr  ar  flee  ahiunat  of 
oneb  ether,  and  aa  p.«iny  ehannela.  e  ^aw  of  which  are  eery  deep  aa^ 


ALASKA,  THB  NBW  BLOOKADO 


I' 


i' 


dtar  9t  drift,  white  odMn  am  akaltow  or  eanww  sad  fall  of  lirlfl. 

■vek  dUMMlS  BMi  to  ftTONM. 

"Aftar  iMTlBf  tk«  lakM  w*  nuid*  a  dallr  rw  gf  a? cr  IM  oiUm, 
■Mil  DawMS  City  waa  rtaclMd.  Wa  Naehad  thla  placa  Jnoa  tS,  Juat 
<t  daya  froai  Pwrtlaod.  Thla  tlsM  waa  Jiiat  10  daya  loaiar  than  I  cal- 
cvlatad  oo,  aad  waa  it  daya  longar  than  la  naually  accaaaary  to  awka 
tha  trip.  A  paraan  can  oiaka  tha  trip  froa  Portland  In  M  daya." 

Tha  paMaagw  of  MIIm  canyon  In  May.  lltS.  la  thus  daacrltiad  by 
Kradarick  Fnnaton,  In  tha  artlcia  prrrloiMly  quotad  frooi: 

"Wa  knaw  that  w  utuat  now  ba  aaar  llllaa  canyon,  and  kapt  a 
'  aharp  laokout.  Wa  had  gona  acarcaly  a  mlla  whan  wa  wblrlad  around 
a  band  and  aaw  a  low,  brown  rocky  ridga.  dlTldad  by  a  silt  laaa  than 
M  faat  wida.  and  at  tha  unia  tlnia  hoard  tha  roar  of  tha  rlrar  In  Ita 
wild  niab  through  iha  canyon.  With  ona  inipniaa  wa  pulkd  frantically 
for  tha  bank,  and  got  a  Una  aahora  and  around  a  traa  Juat  In  tha  nick 
of  tima. 

"Thla  canyon  waa  naui«nl  by  tha  lata  Llauicnant  Predarick 
Bchwatka,  In  honor  of  Nalaon  A.  Ullao.  who  bad  bean  Inatruuiantal  In 
a«nUlng  him  on  bla  trip  to  tba  Yukon  In  IIIS.  Tha  rlrar,  wbioh  bat 
b««n  about  100  faat  wIda.  auddanly  contracta  to  about  a  tanlh  of  tbat 
width,  and,  incraaalng  Ita  raloclty  to  N  mllaa  an  hour,  ruahaa  nitb 
larrlflc  fort-a  Ihrougb  a  canyon  with  abaolutaly  parpandlcular  walla 
100  faat  higb.  Tba  cuuyou  la  only  tbraa-quartara  of  a  mlla  long,  and 
at  lia  lowar  9Wf  tba  rivar  upraada  out  luto  a  aartaa  of  raplda,  culmluai- 
Ing  tbnN*  lullaa  baluw  In  Iba  Wblta  lioraa.  Tbara  ara  two  wayM  of 
paaaliiK  ililo  rauyou,  one  by  portaging  orar  iba  bill  on  tba  aaat  bauk 
awl  -ik«  iHhar  by  boldly  ruuiilug  through.  Soma  of  tba  man  whom  wa 
found  aui'aui|Mf«l  tbara  ware  UtIUtliig  tba  forniar  matlMMl.  Tba  boata 
A¥nt  uuiuNtlt^l  mill  (Fmggad  out  of  tbf  wiitvr.  aud  by  uiaaua  of  a  ulud- 
laaa  baulad  up  Iba  bill  aloiia  100  feet  bigb,  aud  than  pullail  ou  wouilan 
rollfru  for  tbrva  iiutrtara  of  u  mlla,  baing  iltially  alM  dowu  auutbar 
hill  to  ilitf  rlrar.  Tiia  voutania  of  tha  lioata  wara  carrlad  orar  by  Iha 
mou  on  iliair  bockN.  It  la  tha  moat  abirlah  work  ImagliMbla,  and  uaaa 
up  Iba  bviivr  part  of  four  daya. 

"Wa  had  aaau  both  waya  of  paaaing  Ullaa  canyon,  out*  raqulrlug 
four  dayit  ami  (lit*  otbar  two  mluutaa,  Wa  lookad  at  rarb  olbar  In  an 
mi|ulrlng  nor*  of  way,  and  then,  without  a  wonl,  walkad  down  to 
wbara  tba  Naucy  llauka  wan  moor<nl  agalnal  tba  bank.  All  took  lliair 
placvtt,  kufH>ling  ami  faHug  tba  bow.  UcConnall  in  tha  otam.  \latiarn 
NinltlNiiiim  and  1  forward.  Tha  oara  wara  placa'j  on  lioard,  ami  r  "b  of 
UN  uaa«l  an  ordinary  vanoa  paddla.  1  wual  cojfaaa  that  I  narar  fait 
alikar  lu  my  Ufa  than  aa  wa  aborad  away  from  ahora  and  atartad  for 
tba  antram-c.  11  waa  aU  avar  ao  quickly  that  wa  hAdly  knaw  bow  It 
bapiMpnatl.  Maraly  mlaaing  tha  big  rock  at  tha  nMMilh  of  tha  canyon. 
I^«  boat  Hiaitad  oo  Ka  wlb!  rklK  Tha  walla  aM»mM«  *e  fsirl;  S;:  i«-t 
ua.  and  aftar  aiartlng,  wa  heard  a  chaar  from  tha  rocha  abova  ua.  but 
did  not  dar*  kwk  up.  By  frantic  paiklllng  wa  kapt  In  tiM*  mlddla,  aad 
oil  from  tba  *-auyon  walla.    Tha  aanaatlon  waa  akin  to  that  af  riding 


4 


ALASKA,  THB  NRW  BLDORADO 


K  buckinf  brooclio.  Tb«r«  wm  not  a  dry  apot  on  one  of  no  when  wo 
got  throngh,  and  the  boot  took  oo  mnch  water  that  abo  nearly  foon* 
dered  before  we  conM  ball  ber  ont  Bat  a  great  weight  waa  off  our 
minda,  for  Mlica  canyon,  more  than  all  other  thinga,  la  dreaded  by 
Yukon  trarelera.  Indndlng  thoao  loot  In  IIN,  an  OTon  doaen  of  men 
baTe  bad  tbeir  boata  awamped  or  cmabed  like  egg  ahella  agalnat  the 
canyon  walla,  and  not  one  of  them  baa  come  allTO  ont  of  that  wild 
maelatroni  of  water." 

TAKU  ROUTB. 

Much  Intereet  la  being  taken  In  a  prepoeed  ronte  from  Takn  Inlet 
to  Lake  Tealln.  The  Tnkon  Mining.  Trading  and  Tranaportat*on  Com* 
pany  la  aurreylng  a  railroad  oTor  thia  route,  a  branch  of  which  la  to 
be  eitended  tl  milea  up  the  coaat  to  Juneau.  Appllcttlon  haa  been 
made  to  the  United  Btateo  and  Canadian  gOTcmmenta  for  cbartera. 
aa  Ibe  route  otarta  In  the  United  Btatee  territory,  but  for  the  greater 
■  porthw  of  the  way  la  In  Canada.  The  road  would  be  IM  mIlea  long. 
It  la  propoocd  to  have  email  atcamera  on  Lake  Teelln,  which  will  paaa 
from  the  lake  to  the  Lewla  and  Yukon  by  way  of  HootiUlnqoa  rl?er. 
ThIa  would  render  packing  unnfrgaaary,  aa  one  could  land  from  the 
ocean  ateamer.  go  by  cara  to  the  lake  and  there  board  a  ateamer  that 
wouM  land  him  at  any  point  along  the  Yukon  dealred.  If  thIa  enter* 
priee  la  ■occeeafol  at  leeat  a  year  moot  elapae  before  It  could  be  carried 
out  Meanwhile  efforta  will  be  made  to  pack  orer  thIa  trial,  going 
part  way  up  the  Tnku  In  a  atea  ner.  A  party  haa  gone  In  by  that  rente 
thie  fall,  Intending  to  camp  for  the  winter  on  Lake  Teelln.  • 

Juneau  la  the  atartlng*polnt  for  the  lliku.  Steamera  make  the 
trip  to  Ibe  head  of  the  Inlet;  thence  the  route  la  on  foot  atralght  up  the 
river  to  headwatera  In  a  chain  of  email  lakee  nearly  or  quite  connect- 
ing witk  tiOke  Twlln.    In  the  winlor  time  beaelly  loaded  aleda  can  bo 

drawn  the  entire  diatancc.    There  la  plenty  of  timber  for  boata  on 
Lake  TnIIu. 

IMatancea  on  Ihia  route.  &»  ahown  by  the  United  BUtee  and  Brltlah 

goremment  mapa.  are.  RMirly  aa  can  be  ahows,  la  fqyowtt 

Mllee. 

Juneau  to  entrance  of  Takn  Inlet 10 

lip  Takn  Inlet  to  riTer II 

rp  Tikn  river  to  bead  of  canoe  navigation N 

rortage  to  OMMth  of  Wlver  Itolmon It 

rortage  up  ■lleer  ffalnMtn I 

rnrtage  Ihenco  acraaa  l^ake  Teelln H 

Lake  Tealln  inarrow  and  long) It 

Unnlallnqna  rlrer  to  Lewki «.... 

Volal 


•nCKBBN  ROUTB. 

Another  ^enHknMo  eenlo  le  by  way  of  Mlckeen  river,  whkh  M 
■aelfuMe  to  •  etegmph  creek.  IN  mileo,  and  already  haa  a  alMiner 


i,r:i 


•I: 


l<  .  '11 


W 


ki  >'i 


M  ALASKA,  TBI  NIW  ILDOBADO 

plylBf  H*  wAtMV.  reoM  IMagmpli  ciMk  thtra  to  a  piaetlcabto  rMit 
for  lUifM  aad  fk«lgkt  wagoM  Mffth  to  Lak*  TUtUn.  tnm  wkleli  polat 
th«  rt— w  wooM  b«  «wd  ••  dMorlbtd  for  tk«  Tttk«  mat*.  It  to  ra> 
port«d  that  arraagMMnts  art  bow  bolag  nado  to  balld  atoaoion  «• 
Lake  TMlla,  to  put  on  a  stago  llao  and  to  optn  ap  tUa  rooto  to  troTol 
la  tlio  oprlBf  ,  atoo  to  build  a  railroad  OTor  tho  itago  rooto  at  opoodllf 
ao  potalblo.   Tbto  auij  bo  oiado  tbo  Canadtoa  mall  rooto  aozt  yoar. 

DAI/rON  TBAIL. 

FroB  Pyramid  barbor  tboro  to  an  OTorlaad  roato  to  tbo  Ynkoa 
botow  FOrt  lolklrk,  on  tbroufb  tbo  ObUkat  paao,  Ijlag  to  tbo  w«ot  of 
Obllkoot  poM.  and  gonoraily  eaUad  tbo  Dalton  trail,  bocanoo  aororal 
tlmoo  uood  bj  a  own  naniod  Jack  Dalton  In  taking  bonoo  Into  tbo  Into- 
rlor.  Dalton  oaa  a  trading  po«t  on  tbto  tralL  BoToral  minora  camo  out 
to  tbo  coaat  by  tbto  trail  tbo  past  anmmtr.  !a  going  ovor  tbto  ronto  It 
to  nactoaary  to  pack  to  tbo  Tabkaona  rlTar,  wbon  a  raft  or  boat  may  bo 
uaad  In  daacending  tbe  atraam  to  tbo  Lawla.  Tbo  long  dtotanco  to  pack 
to  wbat  raodera  It  Impracticable  for  ona  witb  a  largo  outfit  to  tako  in, 
unleaa  ba  h««  plenty  of  pavk  anlmato.  It  to  dalmad  a  man  can  rldo 
a  borao  all  tbrougb  and  tbat  tbara  la  ptonty  of  graaa.  Cattto  and  abaop 
wera  drlvan  OTar  tha  trail  tba  paa:  aummar.  Tbia  to  alao  tba  routa  of 
a  propoaad  tetograph  Una  to  Dawaon,  tba  wiraa  to  bo  told  along  tbt 
ground. 

OTHER  R0UTU8. 

Altbougb  little  la  known  of  tlia  region  lying  between  tbe  Copper 
rirer  and  tbe  Yukon,  It  la  claimed  tbat  by  a  abort  portage  one  can  go 
from  tbo  bead  watera  of  tbe  Copper  river  to  tribntartoa  of  tbe  Yukon, 
and  It  to  poaalble  tbat  trarel  may  aometlue  go  by  tbat  route.  A  prac* 
ticabia  route  by  Wblte  river,  Juat  eaat  of  Uount  8t.  Bllaa,  to  alao 
claimed,  and  tbia  route  to  now  being  eiplored. 

Tbere  la  probably  a  practical  route  In  tbe  Interior  from  tbo  Oar> 
rllM>o  and  Caaalar  mining  dtotricta  In  the  nortbern  end  of  BrItlab  Co* 
lumbla  to  iieaiM  rivi*  and  thence  by  tbe  Pelljr  to  the  Yukon.  It  la  alfio 
probably  poaalble  to  go  north  atong  tbe  eaatem  baae  of  tbe  Bocky 
mountalna.  from  Kdmonton,  on  the  i3nnadlan  Paclllc.  to  Athabaaca  and 
tbo  Deaao  and  Felly  rivera.  it  la  aald  tbat  both  c'  tbeee  routaa  are 
being  tried  tbia  year,  but  they  are  long  and  It  would  aeom  Impracticable 
to  uae  them  for  freight.  It  la  alao  aaaerted  tbat  It  la  praotlral  to  go  by 
tbe  way  of  Great  B\Mf  toke,  deacend  the  Ifackenalo  river  nearly  to 
tbo  Arctic  ocTflu,  and  then  aacend  the  Peel  river  and  make  a  abort 
portage  to  a  tributary  of  tbe  Yukon.  All  aucb  koutao  are  '.mpracticabto 
compared  with  thoae  frooi  the  i-oaiit  and  bjr  the  way  of  St,  iCIchaela, 
and  will  receive  Utile  conaldcratlon  at  tha  iiauda  of  goul  at^kera  for 
several  yeara  at  leaat. 


8 

I 


I 


t! 


^ 


?»i 


<<] 


; 


Chapter  VI 


Mines  on  the  American  Side 

Although  iBtcrMt  to  now  c«nt«r«d  la  tht  Klondlko  and  othar  oda* 
lag  dtotrlctR  oa  tht  Oaaadlaa  aide  of  tha  lataraattoaal  Uaa,  aadoabt- 
cdly  fnturc  deTClopmaata  oa  the  Amarlcaa  alda  of  tha  Uaa  will  ba  Tarj 
Inportaat.  Tha  policy  of  tha  Canadlaa  lOTarnmaBt  la  wetvlag  aaa 
half  tha  rlalma  for  Ita  owa  purpoaaa  and  of  axactlag  a  haarj  royalty 
oa  tha  gold  taken  out  of  other  clalna,  will  hare  the  aatnral  effect  of 
drlrlng  American  proepectora  acroee  the  Uaa  lata  their  own  couatry, 
where  the  nlnlag  lawa  are  mora  liberal  and  aTacy  foot  of  mlaeral  laad 
to  subject  to  entry,  with  no  royalty  equeaaed  from  tha  nlaera  by  tha 
goremment. 

Although  there  have  for  eereral  yeara  been  gaad  mlB«a  aa  Birch 
creek.  Miller  creek,  aad  ather  streane,  of  which  Circle  City  to  the  com- 
mercial polat,  there  to  a  Taet  area  of  Atoeka  ■■  yet  uaproepected,  la- 
eluding  a  great  maay  tributariea  of  tha  iru);:>ii  Rr.4  its  chief  branchaa. 
Mlnem  are  leam*ng  that  the  heaTler  golo  depoilta  are  oa  the  small 
slrrams,  and  as  the  headwaters  of  the  Yukon's  afflueats  are  proapected 
there  will  doubtleas  be  maay  rich  discc"  'les  made.  1X»  locate  aad 
derelop  these  new  districts  will  be  the  task  ui  -be  thousaads  af  eager 
gold-hunters  now  iwnring  Into  Atoska. 

In  regard  to  the  opportualtles  for  the  prospector  oa  the  Americaa 
side  of  the  line  the  eiperlence  of  Milton  MIsamore  msy  be  takM  as  an 
example.  He  went  to  Klondike  In  the  spring,  but  came  out  this  fall 
because  he  bellered  'here  would  be  a  scarcity  of  prorlslona.  Ha  will 
return  again  In  the  spring.  He  says  tha  fleM  tn  the  Americaa  side  Is 
every  whit  as  good  as  acrass  the  border.  He  left  Dawsaa  shortly  after 
arriTlag  there  laK  June,  aad  proce^<1ed  with  his  boat  aad  outfit  to 
Otrrle  City,  liaTtng  found  that  ererythkag  of  value  had  baea  ataked  out 
Sn  the  Klondike  regton.  Proa  Clrdv  City  he  creased  overtaad  eoath  to 
lllrcl  creek,  which  aearly  paralleto  the  Yokoa  for  some  distaace.  Af- 
ter vpendlog  some  time  la  that  rr^loa  taking  In  the  Mastodon,  Miller, 
Dvadwood.  Ragle  sad  Greenhora  creaks,  he  eaaie  back  to  Circle  City, 
sad,  loading  his  boat,  proceeded  about  400  mllee  dowa  stream  to  the 
Mnnook.  where  new  gnid  dtacafrertee  had  beea  reported.  Here  he  lo- 
cated a  claim  aad  would  hare  reuMlaed.  but  fouad  that  he  eoaM  aot 
getsappUea. 

Along  the  streams  eateriag  the  Arctic,  Behriag  sea  aad  tha  PacMe 
there  to  as  good  preepeet  af  dtooaeariag  rich  diffglaga  as  oa  tha  Taken. 
OoM  baa  beea  foaad  aa  the  Mawlk,  Baektand  and  Kowak  rtvaia,  an- 
teitag  Katabae  sauad.  bat  aa  attaaq^  haa  beea  amda  ta  work  the 
Caah's  Inlet  hae  bean  partially  prsspeeted.  aad  laat 


It 


^ 


, 


m 


ALASKA.  TUB  N«W  BUXIIIADO 


Lakt  ItoDDttt.  froin  tk«  Bkagiiay  TralL 

wlDttr  MO  mlBtn  wtrt  «t  work  thtr*.  Mint  of  tlMBi.  bow«?«r,  teYlng 
Hlucs  toft  fMr  tiM  Kioudlkt,  under  th«  inpula*  m  charactMlatlc  of 
lulttora,  to  dMort  dlfglng*  worth  |10  •  daj  wkoaovnr  tbojr  boor  of  aojr- 
thing  btttor.  Howotw,  qnlto  a  numbor  of  other*  hove  son*  to  Oook'* 
Intot  thi*  jMir.  Th*  goM  found  th*r*  I*  coar**.  A*  th*r*  I*  a  Taat 
ttuexplor*d  r*glon  around  th*  lnl*t.  It  wouM  ■**«  that  th*  pro*p*ct 
befor*  th*  •*arch*r  for  gold  th*r*  muat  b*  a*  good  a*  I*  oflorMi  In  tli* 
Interior,  which  1*  so  much  mor*  didlcult  to  roach,  no  much  mora  *xpen> 
«<▼•  a*  a  plac*  of  raoldcnc*  and  ha*  such  dIaadTantag**  of  climate. 
Th*  aaaie  may  b*  aald  of  th*  r*gloD  of  C«pp*r  rlT*r  and  Ita  nuiuMoua 
trlbtttarloM  Id  th*  Tlclnlty  of  Princ*  WHUam  aound.  H*r*  I*  another 
promlaing  Held  for  ezploltaUod.  whore  goM  ha*  already  been  found. 
Quit*  a  Buniber  have  icone  Into  that  regloa  thI*  y*ar. 

Along  th*  «oa*t  at  LItoya  bay  dl*cov*rl*a  bar*  b**n  mad*,  alao  lu 
the  beach  aaada  ff*r  M  mil**  near  Kakutat,  In  ruby  and  black  land, 
where  con*i«>*rabl*  work  ha*  b**n  don*.  Th*  r*glon  Inland  ha*  b**n 
praecicalty  un*splor*d.  On  Unga  liland  a  An*  quart*  ledg*  ha*  b**n 
uncoT*r*U  and  a  t*n-*lamp  mill  wa*  *r*ct*d  a  f«w  yiirt  ago, 
alnco  Incionaad  to  forty  atampa.  Tbt*  min*  gl?**  promla*  ot  paying 
larg*  Uifldaud*,  notwithelanding  th*  gr*at  *ip*na*  of  working  a 
mIn*  *o  far  from  any  baa*  of  iu|i|)lle*.  On  Qolofnln  bay,  In  Norton 
•ound.  a  rich  alWar  ledg*  wa*  dl*cor*r*d  tweir*  yean  ago.  A  *hlp 
load  of  quarts  taken  to  Ban  Franclaro  proved  ao  rich  that  a  company 


ALASKA,  THE  NEW  ELDORADO 


was  organixd  In  IStl  and  HO.OOO  were  expended  In  devetopmenta. 
The  ore  atlU  prored  to  be  rich,  but  trouble  In  the  companjr  for  aereral 
year*  prerented  further  work. 

The  region  lenerally  known  aa  floutbeaat  Alaaka,  ^mbraclnr  th« 
coaat  and  adjacent-  lalanda  aouth  of  Mount  8t  Bllaa,  haa  been  mined 
more  or  leaa  for  the  paat  twenty  yeara.  OoM  waa  dIacoTered  near 
Sitka  In  ISTS,  and  proapeetlnf  then  began;  In  IMO  gold  waa  dlacorered 
In  the  Tldnlty  of  Juneau,  and  aoon  proapectora  were  acattered  all  along 
the  coaat  and  began  to  work  their  way  Inland.  The  town  of  Juneau, 
ao  called  In  honor  of  Joaeph  Juneau,  the  flrat  man  to  derelop  minee  in 
that  region,  aprang  Into  exiatence  aa  a  reault  of  the  dlacorery  of  plac- 
era  on  Gold  creek,  from  which  conakierable  gold  hpa  been  taken. 
While  the  excitement  of  theee  dlacoTcrlca  waa  atlll  drawing  mln^m  to 
Alaska,  It  became  known  that  a  man  known  In  the  camp  aa  Fifuch 
Pete,  had  dlacorercd  a  large  ledge  of  quarta  on  a  high  mountain  aide 
on  Doogtaaa  Island,  acrosa  the  liay  from  Juneau.  Tbia  waa  purchased 
by  John  Treadwell  for  $400.  Through  a  aerlea  of  yeara  there  has  licen 
a  stedy  doTelopment  of  this  property,  until  now  It  haa  the  largest 
stamp  mill  In  the  world,  containing  MO  atamiia,  and  arrangements  are 
on  foot  to  Increase  the  number  to  NO.  This  la  a  low-gra'le  ore,  but  so 
faTorably  la  the  ledge  altuated  for  cheap  working,  ao  eaay  la  the  ore  to 
work  and  ao  wide  la  the  ledge,  that  It  la  aald  the  ore  can  be  mined  and 
milled  for  SO  centa  a  ton,  and  that  great  profit  la  being  made  ou  ore 
running  leea  than  |I  to  the  ton,  and  an  output  of  $100,000  a  mouth 
produced.  In  connection  with  thla  mine  It  la  neceaaary  to  speak  of  the 
Bear's  Nest  mine  awlndle,  which,  for  sereral  yeara  had  such  an 
unfarorable  effect  upon  the  mineral  derelopment  of  Ahiaka.  Tills 
waa  nothing  Icoa  than  the  organliatlon  of  a  company  to  work  a  ledge 
adjoining  the  Treadwell,  which  ledge  waa  artlatleaUy  "aalted"  for  the 
benefit  of  exi>erta  by  aubatltuting  lYeadwell  ore  for  the  barren  rock 
taken  out  of  the  Bear'a  Neat  lArge  blocka  of  atock  were  sold,  chiefly 
In  Dngland,  and  many  people  war*  awlndled,  with  the  reault  that 
Alaska  was  looked  upon  unfaTorably  aa  a  field  for  mining  Inrestmenta 
for  a  number  of  yeara. 

Though  capllallata  were  thus  frightened  away,  the  Indefatigable 
prospector  continued  hia  work  and  many  placer  dalma  and  quarts 
kicatlons,  both  gold  and  allrer,  wore  made.  Now  that  confidence  In 
Alaskan  minea  haa  been  reatored  by  the  wonderful  dlacoTordea  In  the 
Yukon  region,  capital  may  be  expected  to  take  bold  of  theae  numeroua 
quarts  ledgea  along  tho  coaat.  A  doaen  atamp  mllla  are  at  work  on 
OoM  creek.  Sheep  creek*  Sum  Dura  and  at  other  polnta  within  a  few 
milea  of  Juneau,  and  new  onaa  ara  being  erected  arary  year.  The 
moat  noted  of  tho  mlnaa,  baaldaa  tho  IVtadwII,  ara  the  Maxko*  Ready 
Bullion,  BlUer  Queen  and  Bald  Eagle.  Thera  art  rich  ledgaa  on  Bar* 
ner'a  bay,  Ljan  canal,  and  oa  Puala  bay.  Adalralty  letaad,  alao  on  tho 
faiRoua  Olaelar  bay.  whara  riek  galena  haa  beta  fMad.  Purthar  to 
the  aouth,  oa  Aaaetto  Wand  and  aa  Priace  of  Walaa  lalaad  eery  rich 
ouarta  haa  baaa  diaeavorad,  bat  aa  y«t  Mttla  haa  baoa  4aM  ta 


'  l' 


1 


ALAMCA.  THB  KBW  BLDOBADO 


Qa  tiM  wkote^  It  wttoM  mmi.  wtotlmr  capltiriltt  at  pmpMUr,  It  l» 
wteily  UMCMMUT  to  M|^«ct  tiM  opportvaltiM  oCMrad  bf  tte  ^Mtti 
loctttoM  alrMdj  mad*  and  th*  TMt  stm  of  OBtzplond  «o«Btrj  «i  tiM 
AMMrtcM  tld*  of  tko  llM  ODd  JolB  tbo  tkraof  rosUaff  lBt»  tte  OftMp 
dtaB  foM  fl»lda  OB  tho  Yvkoa,  wImto  oaly  half  of  tho  dalaa  art  Mb* 
Joct  to  Mitry  oBd  a  royalt j  Is  oxacttd  «poB  tho  foM  takom  from  tha 
tartk. 

Tho  OBtpot  of  gold  IB  ItN  li  glroB  holow,  to  show  tho  dovolop* 
BMBt  of  BilBoa  othor  thaa  thooo  ob  tho  YakoB.  Aat  which  la  crodltad 
to  YBkoB  plaeora  aoarlf  all  cbbm  froM  tho  AaorlcaB  aMo  of  tht  Uao^ 
Blreh  crook  btlBg  ob  that  aldo  as  woU  as  bwbj  of  tho  othor  districts 
iBBipod  tofothor  IB  oao  total: 

Nowoll  Gold  If  iBlBg  Coapaay.  U  stamps I  1M.0M 

Boratr's-Baj  lIlalBg  aad  llUllag  Oompaaj.  4$  stampa ItLOOO 

Alaska  Troadwsll  Gold  If  lalag  Compaay.  tM  atampa tOO.OM 

Alaska  Iftzicaa  Gold  If  lolog  Oompaay,  IM  stampa 4M,(M0 

Alaska  Commercial  Company,  M  stamps SM,000 

Bald  Baglo  Mining  Company,  4  stampa SM.OOO 

Bbntr  Gold  Mining  Company,  10  stamps Si.OM 

Jnnoau  Gold  Mining  Company,  M  stampa Si,WM 

•Julian  Gold  Mining  Company,  10  stampo S0.000 

Alaska  Wlltougbby  Gold  Mining  Company.  10  stomps 1S.O0O 

Grsvn  mine,  Norton  Sound,  10  stamps 11.000 

Total  output  of  quarts  mines |t,tU.000 

Lltuya  bay  placer  mines IS.OOO 

Cook  Inlet  piscer  mines 17S.C 

Birch  creek  district.  Yukon  mlaee l,SOO.i 

Other  YukoB  dUtricts M 

Prom  aeversl  smsll  creeks  la  various  parts  of  tho  tsrrltory . . .      2S.000 

Total  output   14,070.000 


' 


I 


Chapter  VII 

How  and  Where  to  Outfit 

What  to  take  as4  wkere  to  buy  It  are  two  Importaat  qBeetloas 
0  Tory  porsoB  stortlag  tor  Ahiska  must  detenalaOi  ilio  Irat  depends 
Much  upoa  tho  route  by  which  It  Is  purposed  to  oator  tho  gold  ields, 
while  tho  secoad  sliould  be  settled  by  tbo  coadltloaa  of  eoBToaleaco 
aad  oacoaomy. 

la  regard  to  where  aa  ouilt  should  be  procured,  thsra  la  aothlag 
charer  thaa  the  fact  that  It  is  aa  act  of  folly  to  porehaao  It  la  aa^  of 


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ALASKA.  THE  NEW  ELDOllADO 


6» 


the  EaBtern  citlea  and  pay  for  tta  tranaportatlon  acroaa  tbe  oootloent, 
alnce  It  can  be  procured  In  Portland  fully  aa  cheaply  and  the  extra 
coot  and  bother  be  arolded.  Thoa  economy  anggcflta  a  delay  In  thia 
matter  till  the  coavt  la  reached.  Economy,  howcrer,  la  not  the  only 
reaaon  for  pnraulng  thIa  courae.  No  Eaatem  city  la  prepared  to  sup- 
ply Just  the  thln,fa  necesaary  nor  do  the  merchants  there  know  what 
la  required  nor  how  It  should  be  packed  for  transportation.  This  latter 
la  a  matter  of  rital  Importance,  for  If  one's  proTlslons  are  spoiled  or 
kMt  dnrinf  the  hard  trip  across  the  pasaes  and  down  the  lakes  and 
rtrerQ,  or  eren  In  the  hold  of  the  Teasel  goluic  north,  It  may  mean  com- 
plete failure  to  the  gold-hunter.  The  atudy  the  merchants  of  Portland 
haTO  glren  thIa  aubject  and  the  experience  they  hare  had  and  the 
apeclal  attention  they  hare  given  to  laying  In  storks  of  the  special 
things  required,  render  that  city  a  desirable  place  In  which  to  procure 
an  outfit 

Portland  Is  the  chief  comuierclal  point  of  the  Paclflc  Norihwest. 
In  business  transacted,  bank  clearings,  foreign  romroerre.  etc.,  It 
equala  all  the  other  citleti  of  that  region  combined.  It  han  regular 
ateamtr  llnea  to  Ala>il.a,  to  San  Francisco  and  to  Japan  and  China,  and 
la  the  termlnua  of  more  lines  of  transcontinental  railroad  than  any 
other  city  on  the  Paclflc  coast.  Storka  of  goods  are  so  large  and  com- 
petition la  ao  free  and  atrong,  that  Alaaka  outfits  may  be  purchased  at 
the  lowest  poaalble  figure.  The  man  who  outfits  Iq  person  will  be  ce^ 
tain  of  getting  the  beat  quality  of  gooda  at  the  lowest  prices,  will  have 
the  benefit  of  exf^irlence  In  aelectlon  and  packing,  and  will  not  be 
likely  to  purchaae  a  lot  of  things  not  needed  or  unsuitable  to  the  condl* 
tlona  aa  he  will  find  them  In  Alaska.  Experience  this  year  shows  that 
outfita  can  be  purchased  In  Portland  cheaper  than  at  any  othev  point 
on  the  Pacific  coaiit  and  at  a  considerable  sarlng  OTer  cost  and  trtins- 
portatlon  from  the  East. 

If  one  la  going  In  by  the  St.  MIchaela  route  he  will  not  require 
thoae  thinga  necessary  to  get  hia  outfit  oTer  the  passes  and  down  the 
lakea  and  rirera,  but  hIa  atock  of  proTlslons  and  clothing  would  be  the 
same  for  either  route.  Aa  to  prorlalona.  one  should  either  take  enough 
for  ils  montha  or  eighteen  montha,  because  If  he  remalna  longer  than 
alx  months  he  must  remain  a  whole  year  longer,  and  can  not  depend 
upon  being  ablb  to  buy  proTlslona.  Thoae  who  went  Into  the  minea 
tbia  yatr  abort  of  anppUea,  expecting  to  purchase  them,  are  now  In 
dangar  of  atarratlon.  and  tbe  government  la  endeaToring  to  find  a  way 
oC  aaadlBf  In  anppUea  to  their  relief,  with  amall  proapeet  of  being  abia 
to  do  io.  A  man  witbont  ample  auppllea  can  accomplish  nothing.  Ha 
caaaot  go  o«t  m  •  proaptting  trip,  which  may  take  bin  a  year,  nor 
cu  h9  proevra  work  In  nlnaa  already  l'«cated,  alnce  tbe  ownern  will 
■ol  hire  iNa  who  eu  aot  anbalat  thewaalvaa,  aa  they  wooM  be  obllgod 
to  iMd  tkMi  froai  their  owa  ac^of  atorao.  It  haa  been  Impoaalble  for 
tho  ilTor  atsMMra  to  tako  la  eao«*h  aoppllea  for  tboae  depandent  npoB 
IhaB  tkla  yaor.  uid  thla  wlU  doobtlaaa  bo  tho  eoodltloo  of  afalra  noit 
yttf,  far,  ■Hhoogh  tfeart  win  eortololy  bo  ■  Iniio  tacrtoaa  of  alaoi 


AIJIBKA.  THE  NEW  ELDOIUDO 


on  tlM  rlTer  next  iieaaoa,  tlier«  will  b«  a  proportlouate  liicrMM  la  tiM 
Itopulatloa  dofieudeut  uimni  purebaalng  aoppllM  In  tlfe  nUiica.  Brtry 
conaideratlou  of  iirudence  and  foraalght  deinanda  that  tlia  gold-httoter 
take  with  blui  butb  food  and  dothlng  for  at  leaat  elghtCMi  uiontba. 

The  qiHMtlou  ot  what  food  to  take  and  how  inuch  noat  be  aettled 
by  the  requlreiueuts  of  the  climate.  In  tbe  flrat  phice  allowance  muat 
be  made  for  tbe  fact  that  In  that  cold  climate,  with  the  phyaloal  exer- 
tion the  gold-buuter  will  be  aubject  to,  a  great  deal  naore  food  per  day 
will  be  conaumed  tbuu  at  home.  The  eyatem  demand*  In  that  climate 
an  exceoHlve  amount  of  food,  eapeclally  fat,  auch  aa  bacon,  which  la 
(be  Htaple  article  of  diet.  A  man  of  long  experience  In  the  Yukop  saya 
that  the  eatluiute  of  food  ahould  be  at  leait  100  pounda  per  month  for 
one  man.  It  la  a  waate  of  time  and  money  and  a  poaalble  Imperiling 
of  life  to  take  anything  but  tbe  beat  quality  of  gooda.  On  thla  baala, 
Hupiilleii  for  eighteen  uiontbH,  with  their  coat  In  PortUnd,  baaed  u|iou 
the  very  beat  quality  of  gooda,  would  be  aa  given  In  the  table  at  (lie 
end  of  thla  chapter. 

•  80  far  aa  clotblng  la  concerned,  one  can  take  what  meeta  hla  own 
Ideaa,  provided  he  Includea  In  kla  Uat  not  ieaa  than  one  pair  of  gum 
boota,  one  |Niir  of  heavy  leather  aboea,  half  a  dosen  paira  of  Jteavy 
woolen  aocka,  half  a  dosen  paIra  of  woolen  mttta  and  fleece-lined 
leather  mitta,  two  heavy  woolen  ahlrta,  three  auKa  of  heavy  woolen 
undeni\'ear.  a  heavy  macklnaw  coat,  two  paIra  of  macklnaw  panta, 
three  paIra  of  uveralla,  three  pair*  of  teo-pouud  blanketa,  of  which  the 
i)regoo-niake  are  the  beat,  aevcral  yarda  of  moaqulto  netting,  aa  moa- 
quitoeu  are  a  peat  there,  a  pair  of  anew  glaaaea  to  protect  the  eyaa 
fromanow  bllndneaa,  a  canvaa  aloeplng  bag  or  a  rubbor  blanket  to  aleep 
ou,  a  taritaulln  to  cover  aupplles  with  and  a  tent  to  Uva  In.  If  fleeplng 
buga  are  taken  the  blanketa  will  uot  be  neceaaary,  or  not  ao  many  will 
be  required.  Kor  aleeplng  bnga  one  can  get  a  plain  canvaa  bag,  or  on* 
lined  with  macklnaw  or  pelt,  or  a  double  bag  of  heavy  woolen  and 
canvaa.  Oenerally  apeaklng,  the  aleeplng  bag  poaaeaaea  more  warmth 
for  the  aauie  weight  than  plain  blnuketa.  Aa  to  foot  wear,  the  Alaaka 
"mucklucka"  are  worn  moat  of  the  time,  being  a  aort  of  moccaain  boot 
made  by  the  Indiana  and  to  be  bad  only  In  Alaaka.  Leather  aboea 
crack  and  are  ruined  In  a  abort  time,  and  gum  boota  are  worn  only 
while  at  work  In  the  wet.  The  Importance  of  buying  the  beat  quality 
of  everything  can  uot  be  too  atrougly  Inalated  upon,  and  thla  appUea  to 
clotblng  fully  aa  much  aa  to  grocerleo.  Not  to  do  ao  many  mean  dia- 
treaa  and  even  failure. 

The  matter  of  packing  auppMea  on  the  owuer'a  back  la  ont  not  to 
be  overlookM.  Although  one  may  be  able  to  hire  hla  packing  don*  In 
going  In,  either  by  horae.  doga  or  Indbiua,  there  will  be  many  tlmea 
when  he  will  be  compelled  to  do  thla  kind  of  work  for  himaelf,  and  h* 
Mliould  equip  himeelf  for  It.  Th*  Mcrrlanr  pack,  which  aupporta  noat 
of  th*  weight  on  the  hlpa,  la  a  *pl*ndld  d*vlc*.  Tb*  Yukon  packing 
fraro*  la  alao  a  An*  thing,  tb*  w*lght  b*lng  put  on  the  *boutd*r*  and 
h*ad.    Comuion  packing  atrap*  ar*  of  llttl*  u**. 


ALASKA.  THE  NEW  ELDORADO 


to 

It- 

Ito 

M 
It 


If  one  i«  irolue  bj'  the  overland  ronte  bj  the  lakes  and  rlter,  ho 
should  take  an  equipment  (or  building  a  boat.  Including  oakum,  oam 
«tc.  In  any  event  he  should  have  a  set  of  ordinary  tools,  with  nailN, 
etc.,  for  UHc  In  mining,  building  cabins  and  other  work.  For  cooking 
tttenslls  the  essentials  are  a.  small  steel,  stove,  and  granltcware  pots, 
pans,  palls,  cu|»s.  etc.,  as  this  Is  the  most  durable  and  esHlcst  to  keep 
clean.  If  horses  or  dogs  are  taken  for  packing  or  drawing  sleds,  care 
should  be  taken  to  get  proper  pack  saddles,  harness,  etc.  As  to  iKHits. 
the  experience  this  year  has  been  that  It  Is  better  to  build  them  at  the 
lakes  than  to  attempt  to  take  them  over  the  pass.  Hundreds  of  boats 
were  taken  north,  cither  complete  or  knocked  down,  and  were  sold  or 
abandoned.  When  It  was  almost  Impossible  to  get  the  necessaries  of 
life  and  mining  over  the  pasfc-s,  boats  and  other  things  had  to  be  left 
behind.  Next  spring,  |icrhap«,  such  things  can  be  taken  In  more  eaully 
over  the  snow.  With  such  numbers  going  In  at  one  time  It  would  cer- 
tainly be  better  to  take  In  a  boat,  specially  constructed  for  the  pur- 
pose. If  arrangements  can  be  made  for  getting  It  over  the  pass.  For  use 
over  the  snow  sleds  will  be  required,  and  they  should  be  made  very 
strong,  though  as  light  as  iwsslble  consistent  with  strength,  and  shoil 
with  steel  runners.  Only  the  frame  of  a  sled  Is  necessary.  Plenty  of 
rope  should  be  taken  for  lashing  and  for  other  purposes. 

To  sum  up  the  whole  matter  of  equipment  In  a  few  words,  do  not 
attempt  to  select  It  until  you  reach  Portland  and  have  fully  determlueil 
upon  the  route  by  which  yon  will  reach  the  mines,  a  matter  which  you 
will  bo  better  able  to  settle  there  and  at  that  time,  than  at  home,  be- 
cause the  latest  and  most  authentic  Information  will  be  at  your  com- 
mand. Having  determined  this  question,  buy  an  ontflt  suitable  to  the 
rout*  you  are  to  travel,  get  only  tho  best'  quality  of  everything,  aud 
avail  yourself  fully  of  the  valuable  knowledge  and  experience  of  the 
Portland  merchanta  In  making  your  acectlono  and  In  packing  your 
ontflt  so  that  It  will  stand  the  Journey  In  good  condition  and  lie  packed 
la  the  moat  convenient  form  for  handling. 

lUgvlar  steamer  lines  have  been  established  between  IN>rtland  and 
the  north,  and  the  beat  equipped  vessels  In  the  Alaska  trade  will  make 
trips  as  frequently  as  once  a  week  In  the  spring  and  snmmer.  One 
can  go  to  Portland  with  only  the  money  necessary  for  an  ontflt,  spend 
a  few  days  tbero  selecting  Just  what  Is  required,  ami  titen  start  north 
thoroughly  eoMlpped  for  th^  task  before  him  and  with  less  uncertainty 
as  to  the  suitability  of  his  ontflt,  at  lest  tipense  to  himself  than  by 
parsnlng  any  other  eonrse.  Balling  datea  of  atearoera  will  bt  pub- 
llabed  b;  iho  Oregon  Railway  4  Navigation  Company  la  ample  time 
la  tb«  apriag .  A  bl-aoathly  lino  to  Junean,  mtka,  Dyea  and  flkagnay 
will  rwi  all  winter. 

■aiUag  datea  of  atcaaMra  and  other  InforaMtloa  may  ba  aicwrod 
laiar  by  addraaalag  tba  ■•erttary  of  tba  TniMportatlaa  Oommlttta, 
OkaBbar  off  Oumwftv,  Portlaad,  Oregoa. 


•• 


: 


.!  - 


TO 


ALASKA,  THE  NEW  ELDOHADO 


tlie«e  things,  one  that  mo  be  rolled  up  and  tied.  Suit  your  own  IdeM 
•M  to  amokluf  and  chewing  tobacco,  but  remember  that  It  la  almoat  aa 
good  aa  money  and  you  can  scarcely  take  too  mucb. 

Fine  wove  mosquito  bar  la  necessary,  as  moaqultoea  awarm  there 
In  the  suuiuivr  time.  Onats  are  also  a  peat,  and  carbolic  aalve  la  gooil 
for  their  bites.    Flees  are  plentiful. 

Take  fishing  tackle  with  you,  as  there  Is  plenty  of  flab.  A  abort  gun 
Is  desirable  for  ducks  and  grouse,  though  It  adda  to  the  burden  to  be 
carried  and  there  Is  little  time  to  hunt. 

You  need  not  take  traps,  as  It  Is  agalnat  the  law  for  white  men  to 
trap  fur-beartng  animala  In  Alaska. 

Oranlte  ware  or  aluminum  cooking  utensils  are  the  best  and  eas* ' 
IcHt  to  keep  clean,  but  the  hitter  coat  more  than  the  former,  and  both 
more  than  steel. 

T)o  not  use  olleil  cnnvns  for  packs,  nor  rely  upon  oiled  clothing. 
The  extreme  cold  makea  oiled  cloth  crack  and  your  outfit  may  be 
spoiled.  Heavy  canvas,  either  plain  or  paraffined,  known  as  "aqua- 
pelle,"  should  be  used  for  pncks  and  outside  sleeping  bags.'  Pack  your 
stuff  In  these  sacks  as  nearly  50  pounds  In  each  aa  possible.  Number 
the  sacks  and  keep  a  list  of  their  contents.  Such  necessaries  as 
matches,  candles,  etc.,  should  be  divided  smong  several  sacks,  so  that 
the  loss  of  a  imrtlon  of  your  outfit  will  not  deprive  you  of  them  en- 
tirely. Put  your  nistches  In  tin  cans.  Put  a  roll  of  butter  In  the  mid- 
dle of  a  sack  of  flour.  It  will  keep  well  there.  Butter  keeps  liest  In 
sealed  cann. 

Be  sparing  and  careful  In  using  your  supplies  and  do  not  <<raste  In 
cooking.  Keep  things  and  yourself  cleari.  Cook  carefully  and  well 
and  you  will  be  In  better  health  for  work. 

Do  hot  sit  around  after  becoming  heated  with  work  without  put- 
ting on  an  extra  coat  or  aomething  else.  Pneumonia  and  rhaumatlaui 
await  the  one  who  neglects  this  advice. 

Do  not  wear  wet  clothing.  Dry  It  every  night.  Sheep  akin  ateep- 
ing  bags  and  coats  are  not  desirable,  as  they  get  dirty  and  fuU  of  flees 
and  are  damp. 

.i  little  vegetable  garden  can  be  made  In  summer,  and  aueh  aeed 
aM  lH>ets,  csbbages,  radishes,  lettuce,  turnips,  carrots,  etc.,  ahould  be 
tiikeu.    e'resh  vegetables  are  a  luxury  and  a  preservative  of  health. 

.\  sail  for  your  boat  may  be  made  by  putting  eyelets  In  your  can* 
v»M  tarpaulin  or  cover  for  supplies,  or  In  your  double  sleeping  bag.  If 
yuu  take  ont>.    You  will  want  a  wooden  block  and  ISO  feet  of  rope. 

For  dog  skHls  the  best'  that  can  be  had  are  the  reguhir  Baqulmu 
d(»gs.  but  these  are  scsrce.  Tlie  best  to  be  found  In  the  States  are 
Scotch  collies  sud  longhaired  setters.  Big  dogs  eat  too  much  and 
short-haired  dogs  are  useless. 

.Never  ovenio  yourself  In  packing,  but  stop  before  you  are  ei- 
hauNied.  It  Is  better  to  pack  small  quantltlea  at  a  time  and  take  them 
only  a  Mliort  dMtance.    In  this  way  you  keep  your  outfll  together  and 


ALASKA.  THE  NBW  ELDORADO 


71 


do  not  get  it  scattered  along  tbe  trail,  and  you  keep  yourself  in  good 
condition  for  irork.  Pursue  the  same  policy  with  pi.ck  animals  and 
dogs.  See  that  they  are  not  overloaded,  that  their  packa  are  properly 
adjusted  and  securely  tied,  that  noi  saddle,  strap  or  wrinkle  In  a 
bWnket  galls  or  chafes  them,  give  them  plenty  of  time  to  rest,  and  feed 
tliein  regularly.  The  better  care  you  take  of  your  animala  the  better 
work  they  will  do.  When  hungry  dogs  will  chew  leather  harness.  Can- 
ras  harness  Is  therefore  preferable  for  them.  Do  not  pack  a  horse  till 
you  learn  how.    Learn  to  make  the  diamond  hitch. 

Take  paper  to  write  on  and  stamped  goTemmeat  enrelopes,  both 
Canadian  and  United  States,  also  pen  and  Ink  and  pencils.  A  few 
books  to  read  are  worth  their  weight. 

Of  quicksllTer  yon  wlU  wai<t  about  Are  pounds.  This  Is  Tery  little 
In  bulk.  It  should  be  packed  In  an  Iron  bottle,  so  that  there  will  b«  no 
danger  of  breaking.  Be  careful  in  handling  It,  as  It  spills  easily.  A 
bottle  can  be  made  of  Iron  pipe,  with  a  screw  top. 

Do  not  forget  that  the  old  adage  "The  more  haste  the  less  apeed,** 
Ih  Mtlll  a  good  one.  Get  the  best  adTlce  yon  can,  but  take  ad?lc«  only 
from  those  who  speak  from  experience. 

Finally,  In  outfitting,  do  not  acorn  the  advice  or  assistance  of  the 
Portland  merchants  with  whom  you  trade.    They  have  experience  and 
knowledge  that  will  be  valuable  to  you  and  are  reliable  and  traat- 
,  worthy. 

rOHTUAND  GROCERY  PRICE  LIST. 
(October  1,  1897.) 


Hui«pll»a  r«Mr  •l|hiMa  mom  ha. 


Flour,  Iba  «00 

Bacon,  lbs  100 

Beans,  lbs   IBO 

Sugar,  gran'led,  IIm  .IBO 

Commeal,  Iba  75 

Rolled  Oats,, lbs 76 

Rice,  iba  BO 

Baking  powder,  Iba.  IS 
Yeast  cakes,  pkgs...    S 

Candles,  tbe BO 

Pepper,  lb  1 

Mustard,  lb  % 

Ginger,  lb  \k 

Milk,  eon.,  dea f 

Soap,  laaadry.  bare  .  f 
Iklatehea,  paekagee  .  M 
Butter,  aaaM  caae.  IB 
Bxtractbeeff.1  ea  Jan   I 


bl|4.40         Soups,  Hm  20 

lb  .09  Tobacco,  aa    desiretl. 

lb  Myk  all  grades  In  stock, 

lb  .OSH  Klondike  sausage,  lb  10 

lb  .01         Dried  beef,  lbs 20 

lb  .01         Lime  juice,  qt 1 

lb  .OBH  Quicksilver,  Aa  ....    B 

lb     IB  Kxaporated  fruits  ..100 

pk  .OB        I*nines,  lbs  BO 

lb  .10         Raisins,  lbs  10 

lb  .2B  Evap.  potateea,  lbs..  7B 

lb  .IB  Evap.  onlonB,  Iba...  7B 

lb  M        Dried  flab,  Iba 10 

da  1.M        Coffee,  Ibe  40 

Ih  .04        Tea,  Iba  B 

pk  .02        Salt,  Ibe  M 

lb  JB        leda,  Iba S 

da  4.4t 


can  .IB 


lb 
lb 
qt 
lb 
lb 
lb 
lb 
lb 

lb 
lb 
lb 
lb 
lb 
lb 


.10 

.10 

.40 

.70 

.07% 

.00 

.00 

.10 

.40 

.10 

.20 

.IB 

.01 

M 


uW 


71 


ALASKA.  THE  NDW  BLDOKADO 

rORTLAKD  GBNBRAL  PRICE  LIST. 
(October  1,  IMTO 


Orcgoo  blaakett.  10-lb.  .M.B0@10.00 
Heary  leather  sboee....  t.60@  4.00 

Onm  boots  S.60@  4.50 

Gum  boots,  leatber  soles  fi.50@  6.60 
Woolen  UDderwe^r,  suit  t.60@  6.00 
Woolen  sbirts 1.00@  2.60 


pair. 


>••••«•• 


••«••••• 


.26Q  .60 
.60@  1.00 
.75®  1.50 

2.50@ 

2.60Q 

.im 

1.00® 


Woolen  socks. 
Woolen  mitts 
licatber  mitts,  wool  lined 
Mackinaw  coat 
Mackinaw  pantii  .... 

Overalls   

Oyeralls,  wool  lined. 

Towels    25@ 

Oilskin  suit   

Porpoise  sboestrlnvs,  ds 
Sleeping  bag,  pelt-lined. 
Sleeping  bag,  Mackinaw 

Uned  

Bleeping  bag,  Aquapelle. 
Sleeping  bag,  Kenwood, 

tliree  pieces  

Itubber  blanket  

Rubber  bikt,  iielt-back.. 
Waterproof     sack     for 

dotbing   

Leather    coat,  corduroy 

lined 
Canras  coat,  pelt-lined. 
Duck,     coat,     blanket- 
lined,  rubber  sheeting 

Woolen  sweater l.OOQ 

Woolen  cap 60® 

Itoft  felt  hat l.OOQ 

Pelt  hood   

Felt  boots  760 

Fur  cap  t.OOQ 

CauTas  sacks,  60  lbs,  doi . . 
OauTas  sacks,   100   lbs, 

per  dosen  

Aquapelle  s'ks,  60  lbs,  doi . . 
.  CanTas  outfit  cover  and 

sail,  7x10  

Wall  tent,   10x12,   ridge 

roiie   7.00e0.00 


4.00 

4.00 

.76 

1.60 

.60 

.90 

.40 

16.00 

10.00 
6.00 

12.00 
1.60 
2.60 

1.00 


8.00O 


6.00 
6.00 

2.50 
2.00 
1.00 
2.00 
1.50 
1.00 
6.00 
2.60 

6.00 
6.00 

2.00 


Merriam  pack 
Yukon  packing  frame. 
Manila  rope,  pet  lb... 
Roat  cotton,  per  lb...< 

Bail  needles   ....'. 

Twine,  per  lb 

Oakum,  per  lb 


.too 

.020 
J60 


4.76 
2.00 
.02 
.26 
.06 
.20 
.10 


"h 


Pitch,  r  j/  lb ;.  .04 

Oars,  p,r  foot .02 

Rowlocks,  per  pair .26 

Life  preservers LlfO  1-BO 

(talking  Iron  .60 

Wood  blocks,   4-111.,  per 

pair  l.lOOt.00 

Snow  shoes 1.00 

Yukon  Htove  6.00 

Nest    camp    kettles,    2, 

steel  ;  .  .       .11 

Nest    camp    kettles,    2, 

granite   1.00 

Fry  pan,  steel ,..  .26 

Hake  pan  

Water  bucket,  granite.. 
Plates,  granite,  each... 

Plates,  tin.  three 

Cup  and  saucer,  granite. 

Cup,  tin  

Coffee  pot  

Knives  and  forks,  I  each 

Table  s|K>ons,  dot 

Tea  spoons,  doa 

I4irge  spoons,  two 

Rutcher  knife  ......... 

Drifting  pick  and  handle 
Round  point  shovel.... 

Gold  pan  

Gold  scale  

Magnifying  glass 

Compass  

GogKles,  or  snow  glasses  \  ,*?,.' 

Shoe  calks  .•  ':'' 

Ctt'k  set  c\A 

Shoemakers'  outAt 

Whip  saw,  goose  neck.. 

Huud  saw  

Jack  plane  

Draw  knife 

Axe.  with  extra  handle 

Claw  hatchet  > 

Hammer   

Square  

Ciilsel.  H  inch 

Filos  for  saws,  two,... 

Whetstone  lOO 

Nails,  wire,  per  lb 

Nails,  galvanised,  R».... 
Rubber  cement,  patchet 

Ganlen  seeds  '  :■ 

Clialk  line  and  chalk... 


'f 


.20 
.20 
JO 
.10 
.26 
.46 
M 

.41 

1.00 
.75 
.63 

1.26 

J 

.26 

1.28 

0.60 
1.60 
.10 
.76 
i.26 
.00 
.10 
.40 
.20 
.20 
.60 
.04 
.10 
.M 
.M 
.10 


i 


> 


( 


f 


(...*. 


8 


:  £■  '»y;V«.  .■,-  .! 


SPECIAL  NOTICE 


The  Transportation  Committee  of  tbe  Portland  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce Is  firing  tbe  matter  of  Alaska  transportation  facilities  Its 
ape<.ial  attention.  As  soon  as  tbe  rarloos  transportation  companies 
liaTe  prepared  their  scbednlea  for  the  spring  and  summer  baslness 
tbis  committee  will  be  prepared  to  glre  Inqalrera  fall  Information  about 
sailing  dates,  rates  of  fan,  ete^  ttc.  It  will  be  prepared  to  glre  the 
biteot  and  most  authentic  Informatlott.  and  will  ctaeerfullj  do  so  to  all 
who  Inqnlra.  Address  "Transportation  Commlttaoi  Ohambor  of  Com* 
mereoi  Portland.  Oregon.** 


r 


- 1  • 


g  o  ^  ►  -  - 


I 


I    I 


J.  C  AINSWORTN. 


THOS.  CONNCLL. 

VktPrMMmt 


J.  P.  MARSHALL. 

CmMw. 


AINSWORTH 


OF  PORTLAND,  OR. 


■ffA 


"  '  i  J' ■  ' 


y.     '.iivf  i,i'"L  "*^hit^ 

idem  1 1 1 


'J 


I! 


COR.  THIIID  AND  OAK  STRCKTS. 


TRAIttACTt  A  OBNIKAL  BANKINO  BVMNKM.    Tli«  falf 


CMiatctH  with  %M»  Baak  fbraii  •■  laportoat  I 
••  le  Mawalmw  «iM  Mmrily,  t«  «■*  ea  Ihit 
iiirilltiM  tor  AiravflilM  tatoriMltoa  <•  Umm 


DflMHWMl 

ml  to« 


Ikt  AlMka  0«M  VMM, 


Mt«rt.  awl  oflrrt  toml  IkrtlHIw. 

Caul.       Tkit  Bdai.  kaa  MMctai 

«lM  art  wl«M»laM«g  a  tiff  %• 


CORRMrOHDSNTCt 
Cbam  NAVMMIA&  n.»nB,  Ntv  Vvrk. 

C*oeBBa-W««t.««BTa  Natmiial  Baub,  laa  PwHaeo,  Cat. 

C—WCIAI.  MAtlMIAI.  •Aim,  CIllMC*,  lilt. 

MAflMIAI.  lAlla  tr  OMMiMMa,  M.  LfMta, 
NAtMRAt  BARR  99  CMIIIRRCR, 


Cllf,ll«. 


^ 


I   I 


1     : 


IS  MOST  IMPORTANT 
TO  MINERS 


That  is  why  those  l)ound  for  Alaska  demand  our 
United  States  Government  Inspected 


:©acon... 


Our  U.  S.  Government  Inspected  Klondlk*  SauMg*  b  put  up 
specially  for  Alaska  trade.  Just  the  thin|^  in  every  respect. 
Ask  to  see  it.  Call  for  the  Union  Meat  Co.'s  Government  In- 
spected products.    Forsaleby  alldealen.. 

UNION  MEAT  6 

Beef  anb  poth  |pachet8 

PORTLAND,  -  -   -   OR6CON 


OSUMMERs 

^— rmn --^-■■vv  >^ 


111  Third  St.  &  267  W-h. 

'  Washington  St 

^RTUND.  OREGON. 

"*»eA5WCMl.T»0FAU 

^••JwcnyaBneltaeofaMltin^     /„ 


v«re. 


caape, 


Cirockcpy;Q|333 

House .  Furnishing  •  Goods 


I    i 


Ml 

1 1 


iti ' 


\'\\ 


CHOICE 


or 


Tkree  toutos 


■KTWCKN 


THE  Hisr,  HMimi  HI  epy 

■*iiii»iiiiiHiiiiiaiiiiiiiiiiiinimiinnnmHiHiHitttt»HllllttillM>*M'iiiii"iiii»iii*»'B^^ 

SUflSET 

Via  New  Orleans,  El  Paso,  Tucson,  Yuma,  Los  Angeles, 
San  Francisco  and  Sacra%  ento. 

THE  FAVORITE  WINTER  ROUTE. 


OCDEfl 


Via  Ooobn,  Rbmo,  San  Pranciko  and  Sacsambmto. 

TWO  TRAINS  DAILY  PROM  CHIGAOO 
TO  SAN  FRANCISCO. 


Shasta 


Via  Sackambmto.  Castlb  Cbaos.  11t.  Shasta  and  Pohtlano 
ORCAT  SCENIC  ROUTE  Of  THE  WEST. 


P«r  full  Infornatton  conctrnlng  Callforala,  Ortgon  and  othtr  Padlk  Coatt 

points,  RitM  and  rautas  from  tht  Eaat,  call  upon  any  agtnt 

Southtro  Pacific  Company. 


T.  H.  OOOPMAN, 

OM.rM*.A|«. 

San  PfondacOi  CnL 


C.  H.  MARKHAM, 

Alt. 

Poftlnnd,  On. 


-^  ^  Frank  Co. 

••[BSTABUSMiDrt,,... 

'-gas.Genen.,  Dealers  ,„,he  Northwest. 
WHOLESAIP  A^.,^  ^r-^^^ 

MINERS'  Complete 
Outfits 


INCIUWHO  Alt  MECKSAWES 


IN 


o»  THt  «,osiw:to,Z"2SS"  **»  «*vii..«c. 


1:41:1 


*  FRANK  CO.  Portl^d^Q^ 


It!  i' 


KLONDIKE 


MINERS  AND  PROSPECTORS  WILL  DO  WELL  TO  PURCHASE 

THEIR  SUPPLIES  OF 


W.  C.  Noon  Bag  6 


PORTLAND,  OREGON. 


W,  I 


32  &  34  First  St,  North,  and  212-214-216  Couch  St. 


MANUFACTURERS  OF 


c^ 


BAGS,  TWINES,  TENTS, 
AWNINGS,  FLAGS,  MINING 
HOSE,  BAGGING  MATERIAL, 
CANVAS,  COTTON  DUCK, 
CORDAGE,  ETC 


^^SAIL  (MAKING  IN  ALL  ITS  BRANCHES  •¥'¥ 


Partla  Outf Ittinf  for  Klooaikc  ihouU  moiic 

one  of  our  Storm  and  Water-Proof 

SlccpUif  Bafft. 


WB  MAKE  A  SPECIALTY  OP  OUTFITTING  PROSPECTORS  FOR 

THE  YUKON  WITH  TENTS,  CLO  rHES-BAGS.  PACKING 

BAGS  AND  SLEEPING  BAGS. 


'  t 

W^^t)H/?n5  &  CO 


'mporters  and 
Wholesale 


°:r./^»^.^/  vJ 

"•wia  Cigar, 
^«  ««  |.^J.«d  to  flO  AlMfc,  O^       „ 


Tobaccos  and 
Cigars 


I 
It'   I 


Security  Savings  &  Trust 
—Company  — 


(^   OF  PORTLAND.  OREGON^® 


ORGANIZED  UNDER  THE  LAWS  OP  THE  STATE  QP  ORECSON 


Cor.  Morrison  and  Third  Sts» 


PAID  UP  CAPITAL,  -   -  $250,000 


H.  W.  CORBBTT,  Pratldtnt 
C  H.  LEWIS,  Pint  VkrPmldmr 
A.  L.  MILLS,  Stomd  VIm  Pratldnit 
C.  P.  ADAMS,  StcraUry 


HENRY  FAILING,     A.  BUSH,     H.  W.  CORBETT,     C  H.  LEWIS, 
a  A.  DOLPH,    A.  L.  MILLS,     C  P.  ADAMS. 


MINERS'* 

__ German  Sock 


^ 


AND  A  COMPLETe  LINE  OF 


RUBBER  BOOTS 
^SHOES 


Eipceiftllf  ^oifiied  for  AUik*  trade*  loU  at 
PlricM  and  kept  la  iloGk  fay 

Ot^egon  Shoe  Co. 

49-51  Front  Street,  Portland,  Ore. 


ILSnUK 


p.  LOWMGAKT 


V.   ! 

il 


/|R;SeUer5lCo. 


PMlaad^  On. 
SMttk^Vadk 

New  Yocfc,  9091 
Braadway 


ESTABLISHED  1859 


•■¥-» 


Crockery 
6lassv;are 


■,iW»«*Itiw  , 


i  ■    ' 


S,  W.  Corner  North  Front  and  Burnside  Sts. 
PORTLAND,ORE 


OUR  OREGON  BLANKETS 


OUR  UNDERWEAR  STOCK 

•he  "  Uwis."  in  AI|.W,S  S^h^?^  U«lerw«,r.  and 

OIJR  OVERSHmTre 


Olds  dicing 

J^WTLAND,  (ME 


RUSSELL  &  CO 


BUDLOBSSOF 


nigh  Grade  Ens^ines*  Boilers 
5aw  Mills 


-=---=  FACrORYt  MASSILLON,  OHIO  =- 
BRANCH  HOUSEi  PORTLAND,  OREGON 


If  yon  AM  ki  9U4  of  Ml 

» 

Engine,  +  Boiler,  +  Saw  Mill 

,  OR  MACHINERY  SUPPLIES 

ll  win  f«y  yoM  to  td  our  Vikm,   Ask  for  CAtalo|«« 


RUSSELL  &  CO.,  -  Portland,  Oregon 

A.  H.  AVEROL,  Mtatttt 


SAN  PRANaSOO 


PORTUND 


MELBOURNI 


SIDNEY 


L.  FELDMANN  &  CO. 


WHOLESALE  JOBBERS 


or 


finmltewaa  itvani,  Haniiiiiani,  uoiuiepn 


SHOVELS^  PICKS,  AXES»  HANDLES, 
CUTLERY 

jrlbinerd'  Suppliee*  l£tc. 

Impoften  «f 

PIPES,  STATIONERY  AND 
NOTIONS 

■AwwACTumw  or 

BROOMS  AND  MATCiMEl© 


V«  muMdutmn  aad  pack  MatcKw  SpMbUy  lor 
the  Kloadlkc  RtflMi 


GOODS  SOLD  TO  THE  TRADE  ONLY 


L,  Peldmann  &  Oo. 

,   Not.  IS  Ad  20  Ffont  SIm  Pbrllandl,  Ort.       ^ 


! 

J 

t 

i  li    ■     ■  ' 

1^  -■''-- 

Tlie  Podlaiiii  Flomiiig  pis  Go. 

t- 

1 

...flbercbant  /Iftillece... 

^ 

li 

■.•*.■ 

0                                       PORTLAND.  OREGON 

> 

'1          ,,;;  Da^^                   ...   5,000 Barrels 

'C                                   !'r*  .'*''                                                               --      -   Ull  1  C    AT    - 

1    ■  ■ ' '^!^  ■ ., . :. 

^    ■     •  •v...v-,-';\'"'' 

iOflN'll'CCCC'tOPtwty- 

»      •        ■ 
1      •     • 

1       '  '-'^^^^^^^^ 

PORTUND.  OREGON 

H    .  -h,".  '•  *  • 

OREGON  CITY.    " 

■..•*•• 

1 

i 

SALEM.            .     " 

1 

1 

ALBANY.               •• 

I 

i   1                               '■    ' 

SPOKANE.  WASH. 

1 

TACOMA. 

1 

DAYTON. 

*                        ■'  *    '. 

1 

GENERAL  OPFKSS 

1 1     ' 

%8tand 

1  Stark  Streets,  PortUnc 

• 

IfOngf, 

• 

>n 

1 

(?> 


V 


p^HG 


it«:Ltr»'-._/ 


»^Vsp-  'frr ...    ^' 


IMPORTERS 


%ii  km 


uiw 


a,  4,  e  A  8  HoPkh  pifst  8tr««t 

•o  11»  IS  A 16  Anktay  Str««t 


PORTL-HND,  ORBCON 


. . . BSTABUSHBD  IN  1851. •• 


Allen  &  Lewis 


T^ 


m 


*rr- 


▼iMilcMk  Deals  .>  la  Slapit 
mA  Fancy 


(Sroccrtes  f  Iprovieione 


SHIPPING    '"' 
AM>  COMMISSION 


izizim 


:n 


NORTH  FRONT  ST.,  BET.  C.  AND  D. 


PORTLAND,  ORE. 


*  ^ 


QH/IS.  nCQELE  l£ 

63-66  Front  Street,  Portland,  Ore. 


IMVOBTBM  *I*D  JOHUt  Or 


Crockcfy»  Glassware^  China»  Lamp  Goods 
Lantcmst  Cutlery^  Etc> 


•■LLIRO  *OBNT« 


BALL  BROS.*   MASON   FRUIT  JARS,   MACBBTH'S  PEARL  TOP 

LAMP  CHIMNEYS,  ACME  FLINT  LAMP  CHIMNEYS, 

LA  BASTIE  TOUGHENECH3LASS  LAMP 

CHIMNEYS 

— ^—  >OBNn  roB  — — 

PAGlFtC  POTTEIRT  CO. 

M*ll«rACTV«BHB  OF 

* 

Dwk  OUtad  StoocwMv,  Butltr  Poll  u4  )un$ 
TflfM  Gatta  Flowtr  Psii 


•V  BTMIV  •MCatPTMH 


/HOmm  MM  UONARD't  DtV  Alll.  CUANAUJ  iimilOIIIATOR.  *«rNI  tltT  "  IN 
TNIMAMIT.   Wmn  KMI  CATAUMUE 


To  Alaska 


and 


Klondike 


I 

i 


^ 

^ 
^ 


•• 


vu 


»,  > 


7^ 


L 


GoNBMling  vilk  PAST  m4  OOMMODIOUS  STBAKBRS  far 

Juneau,  Dyca,  Skaguay  and  St  Michaels 

LOWEST  RAIL  AND  STEAMSHIP  RATES 


Pv  C9S|H^w 


■•  DICKINION.  Om*I 
B.  L.  LOMAX. 


1*1 


R.  W.  BAXTER.  Om*I  Agwt 

ijl  Tklri  MrMt, 

PORTLAND,  ORBOON. 


Sealy,  Mason  &  Co. 


'^°*°"  Defers  »J  A/a*,  0«(ta« 

SSTABUSHBD  1880 

^^'^HtKton  can  buy  their  a..m*.  .    « 

SEALY,  MASON  &  CO. 

'AMHILL   STREET 
PORTLAND.  ORBaON 


i 


The  Ch/is.  f.  Deem  Co. 


IIHIHUHmMIIHIIIIHIIIHHHHHIIIIHIIHIHIIHIIIIIIBHIHIl 


We  carry  a  large  supply  of 

Flour,  Hard 
Bread,  Bacon 
Baking  Powder 
&.  Canned  Goods 


^■» 


Ship  Chandlers 
and  Store 
Dealers 

N.  W.  Cor.  Pint  and  Ankcny  5U 
PORTLAND,  ORB. 


AUO' 


i  ' 


CAULKING  IRONS,  PITCH,  OAKUM,  BOAT  COTTON,  ROPE. 
BLOCKS,  NAILS,  SAIL-NEEDLES,  TWINE,  LIFE 
PRESERVERS,  ETC 
»  ♦ 

And  art  prepared  to  furnish  Outfits  and  Supplies  for  Alaska  Miners  at  short 

notice  and  at  Low  Prices 


efwhldiw«Mfryabf|«Mppl^!  MERRIAM  •  PACK 
TImm  pkckt  Mc  Mkaowkdgcd  by  apcrkaccd  moMntaln  dlmben  to  be  gNAlly 
■uptflor  te  aay  pack  n.ade* 


:l> 


EVAPORATED  POTATOES 

AND  VEGETABLES 

AND  POTATO  MEAL 


Packed  In  Tln-WUI  keep  indefinitely  In  any  dinali 


For  the  Alaska  Trade ! 


«-^®^i^'Q)^ 


t 

NEUSTADTER  BROTHERS 


MflnfKiimfs  9f  wM  wwi*kM0wii 


"Standard  Shirts" 

''Bos8  of  tbe  IRoab"  Qvetalto 
Mackinaw  Clotbing 

Lined  Duck  Clothing.  Funnel  Under- 
wear AND  OVERSHIRTS 


•  • 


XS  AND 


•  • 


miuiiani 


.BEST  VALUES  AT  MOST  REASONABLE  PRICES.. 


PORTLAND,  ORB. 
SAN  PRANCI5C0,  CAUPORNIA 


I 


■ 


J.  E.  HASELTINE  &  GO. 


Importers  and  Dealers  In 


Iron,  Steel  and  Goal 


*,('■  •►, 


BLACKSMITHS*  SUPPLIES 

* 

Csrrlsgs  and  Wagon  Matarlalf  Hard" 

wood  Lumber 

49  St  SI  SBOOND  STRBBT 
PORTLAND,  ORBQON 


.'• .    ■.; 


MASON,  EHRMAN  &  CO. 


vi,t4* 


eiSARs  AND  T0BAeeas 

Goods  for  the  Alaska  Trade 


A  SPECIALTY 


N-W.  COR.  SECOND  AND  PINE  STRI: 


ETS 


PORTLAWD.  OREGOU 

SHIP  CHANDLERS 

T£A  IMPORTERS 


I'll. 


mi5  &  MflKKIS. 


SANFRANOSOa 

f  00-f  02  SacMfncalo  St 


I 


PORTLANa  OR* 


fO-12  North  Fim  St. 


PBAUIMIM 


j^^ii^s. 


Bags,  Buitlap  and  Cotton 


,...' 


BaRLAP  G00DS,  TENTS. 
AWNINGS 

Gmv«s»  (all  gradm  and  widthi)»  Wagon  Covcft»  Sailor 

Bags,  Oil  Bags,  Sleeping  Bagi,  Etc* 

...  ■  It  -'•'■■   \     ■ 

•OM  AOBHT*  »OB  TVS  WtkCtWK  COAST  SOS 

R.  J.  T03ii£BR*S 

mm  Fist  ann  stiiiiii  Branns  on  ciotiiiiji 


AND 


James  S.  Gary  &  Sons'  (Alberton  Mills) 
Cotton  Duck 

HSXDQUKRTBRS  IH>lt 

KLONDIKE  +  SUPPLIES 


KLONDIKE  *  SUPPLIES 

Spedal  Experience  In  SdectinK  and  Packlni;  Provlslont 
for  Safe  Transit  to  the  Yukon 

RI C  H  ET  BROS. 

Wholesale  Qrocers 
AND  Commission  Merchants 


4 


ALL  KINDS  OF  FRESH  AND  DRIED  FRUITS 


k 


n2-U4  Front  Street 

PORTLAND.  OREGON 


CL055CT  &  liEVEKS 

IMPORTERS  AND  JOBBERS 

Coffees,  Teas  and  Spiees 

. . .  OUR  SPECIALTIES  ... 

GOLDEN  WEST  ^^S^er 

COLUMBIA  SODA  COLUMBIA  COFFEE 

CEYLON  TEAS 


Iw  Ifce  Padfk  N««fcw«l  «l  lh«  P.P.C 
Oaa  Gitfie 


7  ae  9  North  Second  Stmt,  PORTLAND,  OREGON 


r'V'v 


II  you  are,  40  not  forgot 


■■Ji.:-f.-i-l' 


«.THREE  IMPORTANT  POINTS 


>4-»< 


FIRST— Go  via  St.  Paul  and  Chicago  beause  the  lines  to  that  point 
will  afford  you  the  very  best  service. 

5BC0ND— See  that  the  coupon  between  St.  Paul  and  Chicago  reads 
via  the  Wisconsin  Central  because  that  iMt  tiiakes  close  con. 
nections  with  all  the  trans^continental  tines  entering  the  Union 
Depots,  and  its  service  is  first-class  in  every  pai^tlcular. 

THIRD— For  information,  call  on  your  neighbor  and  friend— the 
nearest  ticket  agent— and  ask  for  a  ticket  reading  via  the  Wis> 
consin  Central  lines,  or  address 


JAS.  C  POND,  Gen.  Pats.  Aftnt, 
Mllwaukct,  Wis. 


or  GEO.  S.  BATTY,  Gan.  Agnt, 
246  Stark  Street, 

Portland,  Oreten. 


spencer  -  Clarke  Company, 


SHIPPING  AND 

COMMISSION 


•Columbia  River»  Puget  Sound  and  Alaska  $aImon 


••• 


PRaNCS.  CVAPORATCB 
APPLES,  ELTG. 


ReptcMntiag  in  Oregoa,  Waahlngtoa,  Alaska,  and  British  Colnmbla. 


Western  Sugar  Refining  Co.,  San 
Francisco,  Cal. 

Chnrch  &  Dw.^ht  Co.,  New  Yotk 

James  Pyle  &  Sons,  New  York 

Bnocb  Morgan's  Sons  Co.,  Now 
York 

Artmcktc  Bros  ,  New  York 

National  Starch  Mannfactnring 
Co.,  New  York 

Cltvcland  Baking  Powder  Co., 
New  York 

Proctor  &  Gamble  Co.,  Cini  Inuati, 
Ohio 

Unfcm  Bag  &  Paper  Co.,  Sandy 
HIllTn.  Y. 


PennsylTsnia  Salt  Mannfactnring 
Co.,  Pbiladelphia,  Pcnn. 

T.  A.  Snider  Preserve  Co.,  Ciocin* 
nati,  O. 

St.  Charles  Condensing  Co.,  St 
Charles,  III.      . 

Michigan  Condensed  Milk  Co., 
Detroit.  Mich. 

American  GIneoae  Co ,  Peoria,  III. 

Kansas  Salt  Co.,  Hutchinson,  Kan. 

L.  O.  Yoe  &  Co.,  Chicago,  111. 

American  Cereal  Co.,  Chicago,  111 

D.  Ghirardelll  Co.,  San  Pmndsco, 
Cal. 

Bte.,  Btc. 


bank  of  british  columbia  building* 
Portland*  Oregon 


Merchants 


;i^ 


National  Bank 


Portland,  Oregon 


J.  PRANK  WATSON,  PrtsMmt      '  '     •■'■    , 

W.  C.  JOHNSON,  VicrPretidtnt 

R.  W.  HOYT,  Cashier  '     ' 

GEO.  W.  HOYT,  Assistant  Cashier 


Transacts  a  General  Banking  Busii/icss 


• .  .  ••     I, 


INTEREST  PAID  ON  TIME 
DEPOSITS 


'•'     (.1 


»*•    ';.'* 


Drafts  ind  Uttera  of  Ocdit  issued,  available  in  all  parts  of  the  world 


COLLECTIONS  A  SPECIALTY 


SOUOTS  AOQOUNTS  OF  MINES  AND  MINERS 


GOLD  DUST  HANDLED 


■'f-^^sWWCTKWr 


Patrick.  Mastick  &  Co 

Miis,  Sirim-Woit,  Soles 


•  • .  AND  TAPS  ... 

^^ADDLERY 

•nd  Cowboy  Outfits 
/-«*•/  Afc*.  SUdUt  with  •lUtkmemt  /«- 

I^ORTUND  COPPEE  fir 
^i'KE  Co. 


«. 


•4  ft  46  Front  Street 

AND  *IAf  AJFACTUIUWJ  „„ 

^'pownTf  nS'''<=^s,  Baking 
Powder.  Extract.  E^. 


M 


igggttmmmmmimmmmaiMiMmmmmm^^ 


City  Lumber  Company 

YEARLY  CAPACITY 

200,000,000  FEET 


'jf   <■ ' '. « 


REPRESENTING  THE  FOLLOWING  MILLS 


NORTH  PACIFIC  LUMBER  CO.     . 
INMAN,  POULSEN  &  CO. 
WESTERN  LUMBER  CO. 
;  R  K.  JONES  &  CO. 

ALBINA  LUMBER  CO. 

SELLWOOD  LURIBER  CO. 

MAIN  OFPICB 

Nos.  269  and  271  Stark  Street 

«  Ouunbcff  of  Coouncfcc  BiilMliw 

PORTUND.ORE. 


? 


H.  S.  HOLMES,  Gtncrd  Maiuictr 


'A 


FLOUR 


-»r" 


i^ — >*i^ 


Oregon  iWashingtsn 


QOiail' 


FIsur  Co. 


Nos.  3  &  5  First  St. 


PORTLAND,  OREGON 


? 


^^ 


'i 


All  Gp&des 
]VIilleP8'  Agents 
Bottom  Piriees 


" 


m 


\' 


Oredop  Sl^ort  IJpe 


THE  DIRECT  AND  BEST  ROUTE 

TO  THE  GREAT 
KLONDIKE 


.  *':  ■  •  :'* 


fm 


Yukon  Gold  Fiolds! 


G>nnccUons  nude  at  PortUnd,  Taconui  and 

Seattle  with  all  Transportation 

Companiea  for  Alailu 


•  v-::::.^; 


SUamsbip  accommodations  Tfestrved  by  (Mail  or  Wire  on 

application 


For  full  ptrtkulan  reftrding  Routes,  Rates,  etc. 
Address  •  .# 


D.  E.  BURLEY,  General  Passenger  and  Ticket  Agent 


Salt  Lake  City,  Utah 


• '  ^nd  Oriental  Goods 


'"""ininmnnlijmi 


""UIfIIIIim||I|I„„m, 


CIGARS  FOR  OREGON 

2AJVJ  BROTJHERS 

;«  FRONT  STl^T.  .  PORTX^,  OREGON 


MAnorACTOftBu  or 


'       ^0«|SS.  MATCHES  AHD 

MCTOWBS  AT  PO.TIAHD.  0«» 

.  •*»  wAHciKo.  cAiT-^s.;;,-^-  .„« 


»r  I 


■••  I 


»■••••••■••«•*••••••< 


••——————•••>•• 


LADD  &  TILTON, 


•♦♦ 


PORTUKND,  ORBOON 


ECSTABI^ISHBD  IN  1868 


TRANSACT  A  GENERAL  BANKING 

BUSINESS 


Interest  illowed  on  time  deposits. 

Collections  nude  tt  all  points  on  favorable  terms. 

Letters  of  credit  issued  available  In  Europe  and  the  Eastern 

Sifht  Exchange  and  Telegraphic  Transfers  sold  on  New  York, 
Washington,  Chiago,  St.  Louis,  Denver,  Omaha,  San  Prandsco, 
and  various  points  in  Oregon,  Washington,  Idaho,  Montana  and 
British  Columbia. 

Exchange  sold  on  London,  Paris,  Berlin,  Ptrankfort  and  Hong 
Kong. 


Fleischner,  Mayer  &  Co. 


IHI  Fnit  m  U4%  Flnt  ItlCItt,  iM«,  IRIII 


WHOLBSALB  DBALBR8  IN 


kli. _/^ 


^^  ...DRY  GOODS.. 


w 


:^ 


MANUPACTURBR8  OF 


HEAVY  +  MACKINAW  +  GOODS 

'  .  ..  ■"  V       .  •  • 

Made  on  our  own  premises,  specially  for 
tbe  Alaska  Trade, 

WCCLOMlVn  AOKNTt  TOR  TBS  tAtS  ON  TM  NOKTHWMT  COAST  Or  TVS 

Blankets  and  other  Heavy 
Woolen  Qoodt 


MA»S  Wf  TBI 


•  i 


Tboi.  Iij  Wooloi  mill  ol  Silim,  Ongon. 


'  i; 


CLOTHING 


Our  nuuiy  yean  of  exptricnce  in  outfitting  Alaslu  protpectora  have 
tauglit  US  exactly  wliat  the  climate  demands.  In  many  Instances  our  doth- 
Ing  and  underwear  are  specially  designed  and  made  for  our  trade.  You  can* 
not  be  too  careful  regarding  the  quality  of  the  dothing  you  sdect  when  start* 
Ing  to  the  Yukon  gold  fields,  as  It  will  be  Impossible  to  purchase  dothbig 
while  In  the  interior,  so  the  dothing  you  start  with  must  last  you  until  you 
return.  We  do  not  carry  inferior  or  trashy  goods.  NOT  HOW  CHEAP, 
BUT  HOW  GOOD,  Is  what  we  strive  for  in  our  Alaska  dothing.  WiU 
take  pleasure  in  showing  you  our  special  lines  of 

Mackinaws,  G)rduroy  Qothing,  Flannel  Shirts,  Arctic 
Underwear,  Sweaters,  Blanlcets,  Mitts,  Wool-Lined 
Hoods,  Leather  G>ats  (Corduroy  Lined),  Rubber 
Boots  (Nailed  and  Leather  Sole),  Buckingham  & 
Hecht  High-Cut  Heavy  Shoes,  Etc,  Etc 

Whatever  you  find  in  our  stock  is  of  guaranteed  quality.    If  there  was  better 
quality  you'd  find  it  here.    Write  for  our  price  list  of 
,  Klondike  dothing  to  either  store. 

THE  RED  FRONT 

269  ?71  Morrison  Street 

Bet  Thifd  Md  FoufUw       Portland,  Oregon 

...BRANCH  STOMB... 

6is  Second  Avenue,  Seattle,  Wash. 

•S7  Market  Street,  San  Prandaco,  Cal. 


•'NO.  P.  SHARKEY 

PACKSTRA%S' 

^'SSS:SL'' ""ORGANS  «     • 
FRAME 


HHNKV  PAIUNO,  nmUumt.    M.  W.  COEBSTT.  Ifkt-rfwMtat. 

o.  s.  wrraiMoiroit,  CMkicr.  j.  w.  miwKiaK. 

V.  C  AI.TOBD,  ti  AMI.  Gukkr. 


I 


FIRST  National  Bank 


OP  PO&TI<AND,  ORBOON. 


nStr  H4TI0NAI.  ■ANB. 


•  • 


CORNER.  FIRST  AND  WASHINGTON  STREETS 


•  •  • 


Capital,  9000,000 


Surplua,  9060,000 


DESIGNATED  DEPOSITARY 

AMD  FINANCIAL  AQBNT.  UNITBD  8TATBS 


Kunz  &  Shelley  Company 


("coryofMed  Nov.  «,  ^m 


r.. 


IM 


'■■0!  i    '  i 


Paints.  Oils.  Etc 


*»4WI/ir4crai»«,,  OF 


Arctic  Portable  Houses! 


OFFICE  AND 


SALESROOM 


No.  53  SEOJND  STREET  I^TH 
PORILAND^ORE 


II  i 


I 


TipgliltaliiMeBiliiiinsliiiill 

NO  CHANGE  OP  CARS  NECESSARY 

BETWEEN  PORTLAND  AND  THE  EAST 

IP  YOU  TRAVEL  VIA 

The  Rio  Grande  Western 


■■■ 


Railway .. 


RND  C0NNBCT10N8  >■■ 


THE  SCENIC  ROUTE  OF  THE  WORLD 

Jl  D«Ugl\tful  Trtp  through  ^h*  Heart  of  tti*  RocklM.  No  OiiM.  No  H*at. 
A  Coiittai\t,  Everchanalns  Pai\oraina  of  th«  BeauitM  of  Naiur*.  Otvirig 
tl\*  Traveler  "a  Peep  lt\to  a  Aoui\taiti-WaUed  Treasury  of  t^e  Code." 


WWM* 


Ik' 

■J 


>. 


,^J^ 


Stopovert  granted  at  SALT  UIKB  CITY,  giving  all  Potaengert  Twei|ty-four 
Hours  III  Zioi)  Aceoa|inodattoi|s  the  Best  ai)d  Rates  the  Lowest.  For 
lnfoni)atloi|  as  to  Rates,  Routes,  Pullii|an,  Tourist  or  Choir  Car  Reserva- 
tlohs,  at[d  for  advertising  paaqphlets  descriptive  of  the  country  trav- 
ersed by  th*  Rio  Grande  Western  Railway,  opply  to 


•.  H.  BAMOOK.  TnSe  MsM«er,  M.  9.  BOOU,  MerthveM  MMMfer  Ageat, 

■sttUkeQIIy.Dlelk  M«.lUTIdrdM..  PotllMid.Oie. 

P.  A.  WAOLBIOft,  OeamI  Pmmmw  sad  Tlskel  Afeal, 
IslliekeOllr.Dtsh. 


TOBACC 

Cigars 
"Si^^eo--  ^  Pipes 

''OR  THE  YUKON  at 

VHOLCSALC  PRiecs 

. .     . .      ^t 

«  THIRD  STREET 

charus  Coopey 


••• 


M2;*ant  Tailor... 


CI-OTHING 


AND 


^==^,^^^_^^  WOOL  BLANKETS 


■  1 


.  Il 


■*'.  ''■■■ 
■  I 


(PATKNT  ArrURD  FOB.) 

^ig^VtRYONtt  goiag  to  tk*  Kleadirtt  Mcda  •  Boat.  «  BMgk  sad  ■  Cabta.  Hera  «• 
BM'  offer  you  •  comMaaiioa  of  ik«B  all  Tk«  Boet  la  Made  of  Iroa  aad  atcci,  wtifka 
Jt^  9M  ItM.,  aad  carrica  ).aoo  Iba.  It  caa  be  Ukca  apart  aad  ca'-rlcd  la  aactloaa  ky 
—  oae  maa  over  obalractloaa.  aad  put  toscther  ta  aa  koar  wiik  wreack  aad  acraw 
driver.  Poar  aea  witk  tkclr  full  outAU  oaa  raaily  aavintc  tke  largeat  rtvera,  aaialHat 
crecka,  lakea.  etc..  ouoklag  aad  aicepiag  ia  tke  aiaallcr  tue  aa  tkcy  go,  ualag  a  caavaa 
top  at  aigkt  or  ta  atonay  wcatker.  Tke  tleigk  caa  be  dropped  off  wbea  la  ike  water  bv 
removal  of  foar  bolu  aad  drawa  up  lato  tke  boot    Tbe  flat  aboea  caa  be  takea  off,  aaa 

•^ ....•- ......     whUe  otkera  are  wallowlag  la 

loldca  augeeta  If  poaaciaed 
ta  aad  la-rcet  leagtka  ara 


tke  ateel  ruaaera  make  a  apleadld  lce>boat  If  dealired.    WbIL 

■ud  aad  ice  trylag  to  "gel  Ibere,"  you  may  be  barveatlag  goldca  aageeta  If  poiPtiied 
ofoaeof tbeaeboata.  Aay alsc you wieb amde to  order;  is.  >a  aad  la-rcet  leagtba  ara 
moatly  aaed.  Prlcea  aorordiag  to  aiae,  |Ma.ae  aad  up.  Cirder  early,  aa  It  takea  time  to 
build  Ibem,  aad  many  will  waat  tbem.    We  alao  caa  It  you  out  witb  Mlaer'a  Picka. 


Sbevcla,  Btovea,  Cooklag  DtenaiUi,  Tonto  etc.,  better  aad  cbcaper  tbaa  voa 


grt  a{ 


kome,  aa  we  kaov  Juat  what  you  waat  for  tkat  coaalry  aad  wUI  aot  load  you  wltb  a  lot 
of  gooda  uaeleaa  teyou  wkea  you  get  there 

HUNT  HARDWARE  CO. 

tall  lit  Homui  strcib,  Fortlaii,  Ortioi 

...OP  ALL  KINDS... 

Linotype  and  Stereotype 
c    .  Metals 

MANOPACTOBSO  BT 

Pacific  •  Metal  •  Works 

vn  AB«  mroRTSBB  or 

PIQ  LEAD  AND  BLOCK  TIN.  ROOFING  AND*BRIQKT  TIN  PLATES 

GALVANIZED  SHEET  IRON.  SHEET  AND 

BOLT  COPPER.  Etc.  Etc 

Noa.  73  *%  76  NortH  Second  Street 
PORl  LAND,  OREGON 


ROTHCH/LD  BROS. 

Xiquor  5)ealcr8 


••• 


W7, 


J-  ••.I860... 

•  A.  STR0W6RIDGE 

WNDlflos 


•M 


'^^.»m;s;;t^^ 


•     •        '     ^   > 


Dayton  hardware  co. 


f  ^ 


\    < 


Prospectors  ^  Miners 

Shoveli^  Stovcs»  Picks,  Gold  Pans»  Ammunitioii, 
. .  WhipiawB  •  •  •     . 

192  A  194  FIRST  STREET,  COR.  TAYLOR, 

PORTLAND,  ORE. 

ALASKA  OUTFITTERS 

A.  B.  Steinbach  &  Co. 

POPULAR  ONE  PRICE 

Cioimiini,  laiiiirs  uil  Fanisiim 

Cor.  Pint  and  Morriion  Sli.,  PoriUnd,  Or. 

BUTTERFIELD  BROS. 

MINBKS*  QOLO  ICAUM,  MAQNIPVINO  OUAttU, 
•MOKBD  SNOW  OtASSM. 


Ifyoo  ttttd  OUmii  for  mr  By«  dp  aoc  go  to  tb«  Y«koa 

withoa 


ithont  Umoi. 
TAKK  A  GOOD  WATCH  WITH  YOU. 


OHl 


in>i  nnt  n,  II  Miri,  Firtlui,  Onpi 


^be  jf  (nest  Xltain 
in  tbe  Timortot 


THE  LONG-TALKED  OF  LIMITED  TRAINS  ON 


"The  Northwestern  Line 

C  Si.  p.,  M.  Ii  a  Raflwfty,  to  fiM  brtw«M 

MINNEAPOLIS.  ST.  PAUL 
AND  CHICAGO 


91 


t      ..« 


ARE  NOW  IN  SERVICE 

Th«  pnM  as  wdl  u  tht  peoplt  who  havt  IbtptctMl  thnt  trains  adalt  Ihtt 
ttity  npraacnt  tht  acmt  of  the  car  bulldtra'  art  Th«  tngino  Is  aftar  tha 
faoKNis  909  pattern  and  from  and  to  and  tha  train  Is  vastlbulad  with  brand 
Plata  glass  vasttbults  which  complttaly  enclosa  tha  platforai  and  add 
greatly  to  the  beauty  u  well  as  to  the  oomfoit  of  the  train. 

IF  YOU  ARE  GOING  EAST 

WNV  NOT  rATSOMIM  TNI  NIW 

...NORTHWESTERN  LIMITED... 

Bxaifslon  or  other  daaaas  of  tickets  an  good  on  this  train  and  no  extra  fans 
an  charged  for  the  superior  accommodations.  TIcKets,  slaeplngxar 
raservattons  and  Map  folder  on  application  to  your  home  agent,  or  address 


F.  C  aAVAOV»  T.  A. 

No.  Ml  WaUOngton 


T.  V.  TIASDAUi  OeMnI 


V.  K  MBAP,  a  A. 


EAGLE  WOOLEN  MILLS  GO 


.OP- 


BROWNSVILLE,  OREGON 


MANVrACTURBM  OV 


Men's  and  Boys'  Clothing 

BUNKETS,  FUNNELS,  MACK1NAWS, 
Etc.,  Etc,  Etc 

Goods  Strictly  All -Wool  I 

We  handle  all  goodi  necessiry  for  the  KlondIM  trade  in  the  Cloth, 
iiif  line,  such  as  Ptit  Boots,  Otrnian  Sox,  Rukbor  Boots, 
Arctic  Stockings,  Mackinaw  CoatSi  Plannol  Uii4or  and 
Ovorsklrts,  Etc,  Btc, 

DOmr  FAIL  TO  GET  OUR 
PRICES  AT 

The  Brownsville  Clothing  Store 

IJJA  THIRD  STRCCT 
•■'I         PORTLAND.  ORCQON 


O.  P».  OIL.PIN,|IICkn»cobr 


The  Oregon  Railroad  ^  Navigation 

Company 


XTTITXXJ. 


TTrxiTixr 


THR9UGH  ITS  EASTERN  CONNECTIONS  FORMS  THE  SHORT 
•  AND  DIRECT  ROUTE  TO  THE 


Klonilike  Bold  Fields 


■V  WAV  or 


PORTLAND 

. . .  Pint-Oass  Iron  Steamships  ply  between  the  above  Port  and  . . . 

DYEA  AND  SKAGUAY 


Per  RatM,  Datn  •!  SiOIIni  and  DttaH  InformatlM,  AddiMt 


».•'  ' 


AfMl 


PO]tTLANI>»  OTJBGON 


Marine  Insurance 
Marine  Adjusting 

op  Losses 
«•  MARINE  LAW 

I   S.  Paul  Pa,  and  Marine  Insurance  G. 
Western  Assurance  Co 


.00m 

■"»«  only  ifeneral  arcncy  of  M3ri«-  . 

In  the  Northwest. 


t^ 


WOLFF  &Z  WICKER 


IRON  WORKS 


Milium 


•#  PORTLAND,  OREOON^ 


IRON,  STEEL  AND 
COMPOSITE 


>- 


Marine  and  Mining 

Macliinery  J 

HYDRAULIC  PIPE,  GIANTS.  GATES.  ETC. 


Bridge  and  'Boit  kVork,  ^auUs, 


\- . 


CORRESPONDENCE  SOUCITED 


KROCHMAN  &  HARTMAN 
Builders'  Hardware,  Tools,  Mantels,  Grates,  Tile,  Etc. 

183  FIRST  STRCKT. 

■■in—  VMBklll  mU  Tarlw.  P«rttaai«  OrvgM. 
P.O.BMM.   T«l«9taMSS«. 

miNBRS*  8UPPL.IBS  K  8PBCmL.TV 


Fairbanks'  Standard  3cal6S 

Fairbanks,  Morse  &  Co. 


CP 


No.  22  Fnmt  Stfcd,  PORTLAND^  QBE. 

L.  N.  ^ARKCR,  MANAOm      TtltmiONl  M 


JOHN  A.  ROEBLING'S  SONS  CO.  ""TISL  n  j 


Wfte  an5  tntvlatcD 
Vlf  tc . . . 


WIREl  ROFEk  ^ 

NBW  JBRSBY  WIRB  CLOTN  CO. 


L.  H.  PARKER,  Afoil,  22  Fraal  Siml,  Portlud,  On|o^ 

9MI  PMRCIMS  wBC#t  Vf  W  W  VT9MMN  9VMV 


TKOMA*  •ra.UIAN 


AMBRMV  OAimm««tll 


. .  .  TBLBPHONB  661.., 


OREGON  CROCKER  CO. 

109  6*  III  Sixth  St,  North,  Portland,  On, 


Fancy  BiseuUs,  Cfracker^p  Ship  Brtadf 

and  Maearonif  SpagheUip 

VcrmieMi 


«i^;^  :;;:.■>.';>>; ^-r^«j-:"'  .•■  ^ •*•••• 

/:4^   ■■""■■'         ^ 


r  . 


,;< 


.t? 


»^  KEY  TO  MAP«^ 

LOOK  OVER  THIS  MAP 
,...CARePULtY... 

and  study  it  well.  After  havinn^  decided  which  route  you  intend  to 
take,  come  direct  to  Portland,  Oregon,  the  terminus  of  the  most 
direct  steamship  lines  to  the  Gold  Fields  of  Alaska,  and  by  so  doing 
you  will  be  in  THE  LEADING  CITY  IN  TH6  NORTHWEST 
to  outfit.  In  making  up  your  list  of  supplies  be  careful  about  grands 
as  you  will  want  goods  which  will  keep  afteryou  get  there,  this  being 
especially  true,  regarding  Bacon  and  Hams. 


BnEaBDOBD 


iiiiimiiiiiiir.iinii.iiiiiii  ii.iiiiiii  ii unit  ii  iiiii-i. 


"   '■"■■  ■"■■'■  !■ ■IIIIIM  lllll'IPIIBIIIIlll.llLlllllB!anil 


Ns^^^^^^sNs^\^ 


The 

G.  H.  Hammond 

Company  jisssrHrotiss-N™ 

Have  an  establlshnicnt  on  the  Pacific  CoMSt  at  Portland,  Oregon,  which  ha» 
ma^  a  study  of  the  requirements  of  ttiosc  going  to  the  Gold  Fields  In 
Alaska,  and  are  prepared  to  Pack  Meats  especially  for  this  trade.  All 
th«r  products  are  from  Bastara  Cora-Ped  Hogs  and  Inspected  by 
United  States  Government  Inspectors.  It  has  been  practically  dew 
onstrated  that  the 

®nl^ + IReliable + Aeate 

to  take  Into  that  country  are  those  put  up  by  experienced  Eastern  Packers 

who  have  made  Curing  and  Packing  a  study 

for  the  past  fifty  years. 

t.Baoon,  Hams  and  Other  Produota.. 

will  keep  Sound  and  Sweet  In  any  dloMte. 

The  G.  H.  Hammond  Company 


' 


'.'^ 


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ALASKA 

|ioi{THaiB8T  TEnDironv 
GOLD  FIELDS 


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TRANMONTINKNTAL  ROUTU 
OHIOAOO,  ST.  I.OUm  AM*  NK>M  OMiiXANS 

^oimiiiM«iDi  owaoi 


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The  G.  H.  Hammond  Company 


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